IC-NRLF 


603 


CONCRETE  WORKER'S 
REFERENCE    BOOKS 

Concrete  Floors  and 
Sidewalks 

By  A.  A.  HOUGHTON 

Author  of  "Concrete  from  Sand  Molds,"  "Ornamental 
Concrete  Without  Molds,"  Etc. 

^A//. 
Being  Number       2       of  this  Series 

* 
The  Norman  W.  Henley  Publishing  Company 

132  NASSAU  STREET 
NEW  YORK 

Houghton's  Concrete  Worker's 
Reference  Books 

POPULAR    50c.    HAND     BOOKS 


Concrete  Wall  Forms  .  .  .  .  50c. 

Concrete  Floors  and  Sidewalks  .  .  50c. 

Practical  Silo  Construction  .  .  50c. 
Molding  Concrete  Chimneys,  Slate  and 

Roof  Tiles 50c. 

Molding  and  Curing  Ornamental  Concrete  50c. 
Concrete  Monuments,  Mausoleums  and 

Burial  Vaults 50c. 

Molding  Concrete  Bath  Tubs,  Aquariums 

and  Natatoriums  .  .  .  50c. 

Artistic  Concrete  Bridges  .  .  .  50c. 

Constructing  Concrete  Porches  .  50c. 
Molding  Concrete  Flower  Pots,  Boxes, 

Jardinieres,  Etc.  .  .  .  50c. 

Molding  Concrete  Fountains  and  Lawn 

Ornaments  .....  50c. 

Concrete  for  the  Farm  and  Shop  .  .  50c. 

Houghton's  Other  Practical  Concrete  Books 

Concrete  from  Sand  Molds  .  .  .  $2.00 
Ornamental  Concrete  Without  Molds  .  2.00 

A  special  circular  of  an])  of  the  books  toill  be  sent  on  request. 
Any  of  these  books  sent  prepaid  on  receipt  of  the  price. 


THE  NORMAN  W.  HENLEY  PUBLISHING  Co. 

132    NASSAU  STREET,  NEW  YORK 


CONCRETE  FLOORS 
AND  SIDEWALKS 

A    PRACTICAL    TREATISE 

EXPLAINING  THE  MOLDING  OF  CONCRETE  FLOOR  AND  SIDE- 
WALK UNITS,  WITH  PLAIN  AND  ORNAMENTAL  SURFACES,  ALSO 
THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  PLAIN  AND  REINFORCED  MONOLITHIC 
FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS.  COMPLETE  INSTRUCTIONS  ARE  GIVEN 
FOR  ALL  CLASSES  OF  THIS  WORK,  WITH  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE 
EASILY  CONSTRUCTED  MOLDS  FOR  DIAMOND,  HEXAGONAL  AND 
OCTAGONAL  FLOOR  TILE 

By 

A.    A.    ^OUGHTON 

Author  of  "  Concrete  from  Sand  Molds,"  "  Ornamental  Concrete 
Without  Molds,"  Etc.,  Etc. 


Fully  Illustrated  iicith  Original  Drawings 


NEW  YORK 

THE  NORMAN  W.  HENLEY  PUBLISHING  CO. 

132  NASSAU  STREET 

1914 


COPYRIGHTED,  1914  AND  1910, 

BY 
THE  NORMAN  W.  HENLEY  PUBLISHING  Co. 


PREFACE 

IT  has  been  the  purpose  of  the  writer  to  treat  the 
subject  of  molding  concrete  floors  and  sidewalks  in 
the  most  complete  manner,  covering  not  only  the 
molding  of  plain  floor  and  walk  surfaces  but  the  pro- 
duction of  the  most  ornamental  effects,  by  employing 
mosaic  concrete  floor  tile. 

The  rules  of  construction  are  taken  up  in  the  reg- 
ular order  as  the  work  would  progress,  treating  fully 
the  essential  points  on  foundations  and  the  placing  of 
the  forms,  as  well  as  materials,  proper  proportion- 
ing and  mixing,  placing  and  tamping,  size  of  slabs, 
joints,  and  finishing  the  surface. 

Causes  of  defects  in  the  work  should  be  of  value, 
as  it  is  common  practice  for  many  workmen  to  injure 
the  concrete  in  the  manner  outlined. 

In  addition  to  the  general  rules  of  construction, 
the  simple  metal  form  for  securing  "expansion  joints 
and  holding  the  side  forms  will  be  invaluable,  as 
well  as  the  machine  for  molding  curb  and  gutter. 

The  reader  cannot  but  agree  with  me  that  often 
the  very  simplest  methods  and  materials  secure  the 
greatest  success,  as  will  be  proven  by  the  simple  and 
easily  made  strap-iron  forms  to  mold  diamond,  hex- 
agonal, octagonal,  and  other  forms  of  mosaic  floor 

7 

293071 


8  PREFACE 

1.1    i  ^  >-..  , 

tile  and  blocks.  This  simple  mold  is  also  available  to 
mold  any  form  as  a  separate  unit,  thus  permitting 
the  worker  to  mold  the  floor,  sidewalk,  or  porch  floor 
finish  in  the  shop,  and  laying  same  when  finished 
and  fully  cured.  This  enables  the  curing  of  the  tile 
to  be  more  perfectly  done  than  when  laid  directly 
upon  the  floor  surface. 

The  construction  of  reinforced,  hollow  concrete 
floor  slabs,  as  fully  illustrated  and  explained,  enables 
the  worker  to  perfect  damp-proof  floors,  no  matter 
where  laid.  This  is  an  invaluable  feature  for  resi- 
dence floors  and  for  such  structures  where  perishable 
articles  are  to  be  stored. 

The  subjects  of  interlocking  floor  units  and  the 
reinforcement  of  floors  and  walks  is  also  fully  treated, 
in  as  complete  a  manner  as  it  is  possible  to  give  in  a 
book  of  this  size.  Every  effort  has  been  made  to  ex- 
plain each  point  in  the  plainest  and  most  easily  un- 
derstood manner,  which  the  writer  trusts  will  meet 
with  the  approval  of  every  worker  who  desires  prac- 
tical information  on  the  every-day  problems  of  flooi 
and  walk  construction. 

A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS 

PAGE 

CAUSES  OF  DEFECTIVE  FLOORS  AND  WALKS     ....  13 

FOUNDATIONS .15 

CONSTRUCTING  FORMS  AND  THICKNESS  OF  SLABS  ...  16 

MATERIALS  FOR  GOOD  CONCRETE 17 

PROPORTIONING  AND  MIXING 19 

PLACING  AND  TAMPING  THE  CONCRETE 22 

SIZE  OF  SLABS  AND  EXPANSION  JOINTS 22 

PLACING  AND  FINISHING  SURFACE 23 

TOOLS  FOR  FINISHING  FLOORS  AND  WALKS       ....  27 

METAL  FORMS  FOR  EXPANSION  JOINTS 31 

MACHINE  TO  MOLD  CURB  AND  GUTTER 32 

How  TO  PREVENT  DEFECTS  IN  WORK 34 

CURING  THE  WORK 37 

COST  OF  THE  WORK 38 

ORNAMENTAL  SURFACES  FOR  FLOORS  AND  WALKS  ...  39 

MOLDS  FOR  MOSAIC  FLOOR  TILE .40 

MATERIALS  AND  COLORS  FOR  SURFACES 45 

MOLDS  FOR  HEXAGONAL  BLOCKS  AND  TILE      ....  46 

LAYING  CONCRETE  FLOOR  TILE  ........  49 

MOLDING  HOLLOW  CONCRETE  FLOOR  SLABS     ....  51 

INTERLOCKING  FLOOR  SLABS      . 56 

ADJUSTABLE  BRACE  FOR  SHORING  .......  58 

REINFORCING  FLOORS  AND  SLABS  59 


FOREWORD 

IT  is  the  purpose  of  the  writer  to  present  in  this 
series  of  books  a  complete  explanation  of  various 
successful  methods  of  concrete  construction  that  may 
be  employed  by  the  beginner  as  well  as  by  the  more 
experienced  worker.  I  shall  endeavor  to  give  the 
details  of  molds  and  ideas  that  are  not  covered  by 
patents,  such  as  may  be  easily  and  cheaply  con- 
structed; hence  the  reader  is  not  compelled  to  pur- 
chase expensive  patented  molds  before  putting  into 
practise  the  many  successful  types  of  concrete  con- 
struction I  have  exhaustively  described  in  this  series. 
There  is  no  practical  value  to  the  reader  in  explain- 
ing a  patented  system  of  construction,  other  than  a 
few  words  on  its  merits,  as  the  owners  of  same  are 
always  pleased  to  give  this  information;  hence  in 
going  outside  the  beaten  track  of  concrete  authors 
and  presenting  ideas,  systems,  and  molds  that  are 
practical,  successful  in  operation,  and,  above  all, 
easily  and  simply  constructed,  I  trust  that  I  have 
merited  the  sincere  gratitude  of  all  fellow  workers 
in  the  concrete  field  who  seek  such  information. 
Yours  very  truly, 

A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 


11 


CONCRETE    FLOORS    AND 
SIDEWALKS 

THE  main  result  demanded  in  a  concrete  floor  or 
sidewalk  is  strength  and  durability,  and  closely  con- 
nected with  this  is  an  even  and  smooth  surface,  that 
is  closely  bonded  with  the  foundation,  and  capable  of 
withstanding  the  wear  to  which  the  work  will  be 
subjected. 

The  only  excuse  for  a  defective  walk  or  floor  of 
Portland  cement  concrete  lies  either  in  poor  materi- 
als, inexperience  in  handling  same,  improper  propor- 
tioning of  the  material,  careless  work  in  placing,  or 
a  total  disregard  for  the  load  the  work  must  carry, 
which  leads  to  making  the  floor  or  walk  entirely  in- 
adequate in  point  of  strength  for  the  stress  it  must 
undergo. 

Concrete  is  one  of  the  most  abused  building  ma- 
terials in  use  to-day,  and  the  astonishing  results  it 
gives  under  such  mishandling  is  proof  of  its  great 
value  when  properly  used.  It  will  always  have  ene- 
mies who  can  point  to  the  failures,  many  of  them 
caused  by  dumping  the  materials  together  in  a  hap- 
hazard manner,  using  aggregate  that  is  filled  with 
clay  and  other  soils,  sawdust,  etc.,  giving  this  mix- 
ture a  few  turns  with  the  shovel  and  then  dashing 

13 


14  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

several  pails  of  water  over  same  and  placing  in  the 
forms  without  tamping  or  observing  any  of  the  rules 
of  good  construction.  Such  work  is  called  concrete, 
and  must  stand  side  by  side  with  the  work  of  careful 
men  as  the  results  of  this  material  in  the  public  eye, 
who  wonder  why  it  does  not  give  the  wonderful 
results  that  is  claimed  for  it. 

There  are  certain  rules  that  must  be  observed  in 
this  work,  and  success  hinges  entirely  upon  how 
much  attention  is  given  to  same.  Simply  because  one 
job  was  laid  without  any  regard  to  proper  method  of 
construction  and  is  satisfactory,  is  not  an  argument 
that  the  same  can  be  repeated,  as  the  conditions  vary 
in  every  case.  The  atmospheric  conditions  are  not 
always  the  same,  so  the  work  placed  on  a  damp, 
cloudy  day  has  a  better  chance  than  when  it  is  hot 
and  dry,  and  no  precautions  are  taken  to  prevent  the 
work  drying  out  too  fast.  The  drainage  and  founda- 
tion of  the  work  may  be  entirely  different,  and  the 
gravel  used  may  be  more  evenly  proportioned,  as  in 
no  quarry  or  pit  does  it  run  the  same  entirely 
throughout. 

To  properly  understand  the  subject,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  explain  the  various  precautions  as  they 
would  occur  after  the  walk  or  floor  is  decided  upon, 
with  the  grade,  etc.,  staked  out. 

FOUNDATIONS 

The  sidewalk  to  be  laid  or  the  concrete  floor  placed 
directly  upon  the  ground,  must  have  proper  drainage, 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  15 

so  that  no  water  can  accumulate  under  same,  other- 
wise the  work  will  be  heaved  up  by  frost  in  the 
winter;  and  if  it  does  not  crack,  will  at  the  least  be 
thrown  out  of  position  when  the  soil  again  settles. 
It  is  thus  essential  that  if  the  ground  does  not  pro- 
vide proper  drainage,  it  must  be  secured  either  by 
tiling  or  a  filling  of  stone  and  gravel,  or  in  the  event 
of  sidewalks  drainage  may  be  provided  through  the 
curb.  In  many  cases  tile  may  be  laid  to  the  sewer, 
where  there  is  no  opportunity  to  employ  a  cheaper 
method  with  success. 

Next  to  the  drainage  the  soil  upon  which  the  walk 
or  floor  is  laid  must  be  considered.  Where  filling  is 
done  it  must  be  made  proof  against  being  washed 
out,  thus  causing  the  walk  to  settle  and  break.  The 
best  materials  for  filling  under  walks  and  floors  are 
steam  cinders,  and,  in  the  absence  of  these,  crushed 
stone  or  gravel  may  be  employed.  Where  there  is 
danger  of  flooding,  the  sides  of  the  fill  should  be 
faced  with  stone,  so  as  to  prevent  the  smaller  ma- 
terial from  being  washed  away. 

Where  floors  are  laid  in  damp  cellars  an  adequate 
drain  should  be  provided,  and  this  covered  with  from 
6"  to  12 "  of  cinders,  crushed  stone,  or  gravel,  so  as 
to  insure  the  proper  carry-off  of  all  water  under  the 
floor. 

Where  floors  are  laid  other  than  upon  the  ground, 
the  walls  must  be  able  to  withstand  the  load,  and 
care  be  given  to  the  rigid  shoring  or  bracing  of  the 
forms  or  centering,  so  that  it  will  not  be  deflected  by 


16  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

the  weight  of  the  concrete  placed  in  forms,  and  the 
vibration  caused  by  placing  and  tamping  the  ma- 
terials. 

FORMS  FOB  THE  WOBK  AND  THICKNESS   OF  SAME 

The  forms  for  a  cement  walk  may  be  made  of  any 
straight  scantling  of  the  proper  width.  As  the  mini- 
mum thickness  of  a  cement  sidewalk  in  successful 
practise  is  4",  2x4"  scantlings  may  be  used  and 
placed  among  the  lines  of  walk  and  held  in  position 
by  stakes.  Where  the  walk  is  to  be  5  "  in  thickness, 
a  one-inch  piece,  nailed  to  the  top  of  the  2  x  4",  solves 
the  problem. 

A  4  "  walk  is  employed  over  a  solid  foundation  in 
many  cities,  and  gives  good  satisfaction.  The  base 
is  laid  3"  or  3i",  and  with  a  top  coat  of  I"  to  I"  in 
thickness.  This  may  also  be  employed  for  such  floors 
as  are  not  to  be  subjected  to  a  heavy  loading.  Where 
the  floor  is  to  be  used  as  a  driveway,  the  minimum 
thickness  should  be  a  total  of  5  ",  and  this  increased 
to  1"  where  the  loading  is  exceptionally  heavy. 

Where  the  sidewalk  spans  a  fill  that  is  positive  to 
be  washed  out  or  affected  by  frost,  or  a  portion  of 
the  floor  that  must  carry  a  heavy  piece  of  machinery, 
it  should  be  reinforced  with  J "  iron  bars,  placed  9 " 
apart  in  each  direction.  The  woven  wire  reinforce- 
ment may  also  be  employed  upon  ground  floors  that 
are  subject  to  a  heavy  strain. 

Where  floors  are  erected  above  the  ground  in 
any  building,  the  reinforcement  is  a  necessity,  and 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  17 

must  be  determined  by  the  loading  the  floor  will 
have. 

The  forms  used  for  concrete  work  should  be  free 
from  warp,  and  strong  enough  so  as  not  to  spring 
out  of  shape  when  the  concrete  is  placed  against 
same.  Where  forms  are  used  for  the  second  time 
they  should  be  cleaned  from  all  particles  of  dirt  and 
mortar  that  may  be  clinging  to  them. 

Any  centering  or  forms  for  floor  and  sidewalk 
work  must  have  the  upper  edge  conform  to  the  fin- 
ished grade  of  the  work,  so  as  to  provide  a  resting- 
place  for  the  straight  edge  or  finishing  tools. 

MATERIALS    FOB   THE    CONCRETE 

or  good  concrete  there  is  nothing  that  can  take 
the  place  of  standard  Portland  cement,  and  the 
worker  should  be  sure  of  securing  a  good  grade. 
Rosendale  and  other  forms  of  natural  cement,  as  well 
as  Puzzolan  cement,  are  not  suitable  for  this  work, 
and  their  use  cannot  give  the  satisfactory  results  you 
wish. 

The  success  of  your  work  must  depend  upon  the 
aggregate  you  employ,  as  a  chain  is  no  stronger  than 
its  weakest  link,  so  is  your  concrete  not  one  whit 
stronger  than  the  aggregate  of  which  it  is  composed. 
The  cement  used  is  simply  to  bond  the  particles  of 
sand  and  stone  together  into  a  compact  mass.  Port- 
land cement  alone,  when  mixed  with  water  and 
formed  into  a  block,  has  but  little  strength;  but 
when  mixed  with  the  proper  proportions  of  sand 


18  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

and  stone  the  minute  crystals  of  cement  penetrate 
every  portion  of  the  surface  of  the  aggregate,  and 
hold  them  together  in  a  compact  mass  stronger  than 
stone. 

In  deposits  of  natural  rock  it  will  be  noted  that 
the  adhesive  material  was  not  mixed  thoroughly  with 
the  fine  particles,  cemented  together,  making  weak 
spots,  as  will  be  found  in  all  rock,  thus  giving  an 
object-lesson  to  the  worker  in  the  necessity  of  a 
thorough  and  careful  mixing  of  all  materials. 

The  ideal  results  in  concrete  are  the  complete  fill- 
ing of  all  voids  between  the  aggregate,  the  sand  fill- 
ing those  between  the  larger  stone,  and  the  cement,  in 
turn,  filling  all  voids  in  the  sand. 

In  selecting  the  aggregate,  attention  should  be 
given  to  the  shape  of  the  particles,  as  it  is  readily  to 
be  seen  that  a  round,  smooth  pebble  does  not  offer  the 
same  chance  of  bonding  as  one  of  irregular  shape. 
This  is  applied  to  sand  as  well  as  to  the  stone  enter- 
ing into  the  concrete.  The  sand  should  be  sharp  and 
irregular  in  form,  as  the  particles  formed  by  crushed 
glass.  The  very  fine  sand,  as  well  as  that  lying  upon 
the  surface  of  the  ground  or  upon  a  beach,  should  be 
avoided,  as  its  exposed  condition  will  tend  to  break 
off  the  small  projections  and  give  it  a  uniform  or 
smooth  surface. 

The  cleanness  of  the  material  should  also  have 
attention,  as  any  coating  of  a  fine  material  will  pre- 
vent the  cement  from  reaching  and  adhering  to  the 
surface  of  the  aggregate.  Any  particles  of  clay  or 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  19 

soil  in  the  material  will  form  a  weak  spot  in  the 
concrete  at  the  point  they  are  placed. 

Stone  that  presents  a  chalky  surface  should  be 
avoided,  as  it  will  not  form  a  perfect  bond  with  the 
cement;  also  such  stones  that  are  easily  crushed,  or 
that  become  so  when  allowed  to  remain  in  the  open 
air  for  some  time. 

Sand  that  is  composed  entirely  of  fine  particles  re- 
quires a  greater  amount  of  cement,  as  there  is  more 
surface  to  be  covered;  while  if  the  grains  run  from 
fine  to  course,  the  fine  particles  aid  in  filling  the  voids 
between  the  larger  grains,  and  thus  do  not  require  as 
much  cement  to  secure  the  greatest  strength.  The 
stone  employed  should  vary  from  J  "  to  1 "  in  diam- 
eter. The  use  of  stone  over  1 "  in  diameter  is  not  to 
be  commended  for  even  the  base  of  floors  and  side- 
walks. 

PROPORTIONING   AND    MIXING 

The  average  proportions  employed  for  the  base  of 
floors  and  sidewalks  is  a  1:2:4  mixture,  or  one  part 
of  cement  to  two  of  sand  and  four  of  stone,  running 
from  i  "  to  1 "  in  diameter.  This  is  the  mixture  most 
generally  employed,  but  as  good  results  have  been 
accomplished  with  a  mixture  of  1:2J:4J,  which  re- 
quires but  1.37  barrels  of  cement  to  the  cubic  yard  of 
concrete.  The  surface  or  finishing  coat  for  floors  is 
usually  made  of  a  mix  of  1 : 3,  using  one  part  of  Port- 
land cement  to  three  parts  of  sharp,  clean  sand. 
There  is  nothing  to  be  gained  in  making  a  richer 


20  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

mixture  than  this,  as  the  surplus  of  cement  will  be 
positive  to  develop  hair  cracks  or  map  cracks  in  the 
work  when  it  takes  the  permanent  set  or  hardening. 

The  materials  should  be  accurately  measured.  A 
box  without  a  bottom  can  be  employed  for  this  pur- 
pose. The  stone  should  be  placed  upon  the  mixing 
board  first,  and  upon  this  the  sand  is  placed,  and 
lastly  the  cement.  The  mixture  should  be  turned 
over  twice  with  the  shovel,  and  then  with  a  hoe  it 
can  be  mixed  quickly  and  thoroughly,  and  more 
easier  than  with  the  shovel.  The  mixture  should 
show  an  even  color  throughout.  Until  it  does  so  it 
is  not  perfect,  for  every  portion  that  shows  streaks 
of  sand  unmixed  with  cement  will  be  the  cause  of  a 
weak  spot  in  the  finished  work. 

The  practise  of  shoveling  the  sand  or  gravel 
directly  upon  the  mixing  board  should  not  be  per- 
mitted, as  in  doing  so  there  is  no  way  to  accurately 
determine  the  proportions  other  than  by  guessing, 
and  no  workman  is  expert  enough  to  determine  the 
proper  proportions  in  this  manner. 

The  water  should  be  added  to  the  mass  in  the  form 
of  a  spray.  To  dash  it  directly  upon  the  material  will 
separate  the  finer  materials  from  the  coarse,  as  well 
as  wash  the  cement  from  the  larger  pieces  of  stone. 

Sufficient  water  should  be  added  to  make  the  mass 
entirely  wet,  but  not  semi-liquid.  Good  concrete  can- 
not be  made  without  water,  and  the  fact  that  the 
water  is  added  after  the  work  is  molded  will  not 
secure  a  perfect  crystallization  of  the  cement.  The 


FlG.  1 .  — Tools  used  in  floor  and  sidewalk  construction. 


22  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

only  danger  in  making  a  liquid  mix  is  that  the  ma- 
terials are  apt  to  separate  in  handling  and  placing 
the  concrete. 

PLACING    AND   TAMPING   THE    CONCRETE 

The  concrete  should  be  shoveled  into  the  forms  or 
space  for  same  without  being  thrown  any  distance 
over  4  feet,  as  in  being  dropped  from  a  height  or 
thrown  across  from  mixing  board  to  the  forms,  the 
particles  of  the  aggregate  will  become  separated  and 
the  larger  stone  will  all  be  at  the  bottom.  The  best 
method  is  to  wheel  the  material  in  a  barrow  and  then 
deposit  with  a  shovel,  leveling  the  surface  as  the 
material  is  placed. 

As  soon  as  enough  material  is  in  place,  the  tam- 
per should  be  used,  and  the  concrete  rammed  down 
tightly.  All  hollows  can  then  be  filled  in.  The  style 
of  tamper  usually  employed  is  shown  at  D  (Fig.  1), 
although  a  heavy  roller  can  be  employed,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  2.  This  has  a  projecting  bar  at  each  end,  and, 
that  rests  on  the  side  form,  and  thus  presses  the  ma- 
terial to  an  even  line.  Care  must  be  employed  to  place 
only  enough  of  the  base  that  can  be  covered  with  the 
finishing  coat  inside  of  thirty  minutes,  otherwise 
the  two  coats  will  not  bond  securely  together. 

SIZE    OF    SLABS    AND    EXPANSION   JOINTS 

The  slabs  should  not  contain  over  36  square  feet 
'of  surface,  and  should  not  be  over  6'  in  any  one 
direction  without  being  reinforced. 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  23 

The  joints  are  planned  at  the  time  the  first  mate- 
rial is  placed,  and  the  points  where  they  will  come 
can  be  marked  upon  the  forms. 

Where  a  metal  form  for  making  the  joint  is  not 
employed,  the  usual  method  is  to  use  a  grout  cutter, 
or  a  large  knife,  as  is  illustrated  at  E  (Fig.  1).  This 
is  forced  down  through  the  base  along  the  line  the 
joint  is  to  be  placed;  and,  as  this  is  marked  upon  the 
forms,  can  be  easily  located  when  the  surface  is  fin- 
ished and  the  top  coat  in  place. 

The  parting  strip  of  metal  is  the  most  successful 
method  of  making  expansion  joints,  as  will  be  ex- 
plained later;  and  where  it  is  not  employed,  the 
grout  cutter  should  be  used  on  the  base,  as  the  prac- 
tise of  attempting  to  cut  the  joints  after  the  top 
coating  is  in  place  is  not  successful,  and  should  be 
avoided. 

The  practise  of  making  a  fractional  slab  and  then 
placing  new  work  against  this,  without  a  proper  ex- 
pansion joint,  is  not  to  be  commended,  as  it  is  posi- 
tive to  crack  along  this  line. 

PLACING   AND    FINISHING   THE    SURFACE    COAT 

The  top  coat  should  be  placed  before  the  base 
has  had  time  to  harden  or  set.  Thus  too  much  of 
the  base  should  not  be  laid,  so  that  the  surface 
finish  cannot  be  placed  over  same  inside  of  thirty 
minutes. 

The  surface  finish  should  have  a  uniform  color  and 
not  be  too  rich  in  cement,  or  it  will  produce  a  num- 


24  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

her  of  fine  cracks  in  the  surface.  The  average  mix- 
ture for  the  surface  is  best  at  1:3,  and  this  can  be 
placed  in  several  ways. 

One  of  the  usual  ways  of  placing  the  finishing 
surface  is  to  float  it,  by  making  the  mixture  very 
thin,  and  then  spread  it  slightly,  and  work  it  down 
to  the  finish  or  plane  desired  with  a  straight  edge. 

This  will  require  some  work  with  the  trowel  to 
get  as  smooth  a  surface  as  may  be  wished. 

Another  method  is  to  apply  the  mortar  to  the  base, 
mixed  with  less  water,  so  as  to  be  stiff.  This  is  then 
tamped  in  the  same  manner  as  the  base,  which  brings 
the  moisture  to  the  top,  and  then  the  surface  may  be 
finished  with  the  trowel  in  the  usual  manner.  The 
straight  edge  can  be  employed  to  level  off  the  sur- 
face, after  it  has  been  thoroughly  tamped,  and  the 
whole  surface  brought  to  a  true  plane  and  flush  with 
the  top  of  the  forms. 

The  roller  shown  in  Fig.  2  may  be  employed  to 
finish  the  top  surface.  The  mortar  is  placed  in  ad- 
vance of  the  roller,  and  is  thus  rolled  down  to  a  level 
surface  as  well  as  even  with  the  forms.  The  roller 
should  be  of  some  metal  construction,  or  a  covering 
of  metal  to  same,  and  with  weight  enough  so  it  will 
easily  press  the  surplus  mortar  ahead  of  same,  as  it 
is  advanced  along  the  forms. 

Another  method  is  to  flush  the  mortar  from  the 
base,  for  which  a  tamper,  similar  to  the  one  shown  in 
Fig.  3  at  A,  is  employed.  This  is  made  from  strap- 
iron  bolted  together  in  the  manner  illustrated.  A 


FIG.  2.— Use  of  rollers  in  finishing  base  and  surface  of  walks. 


26  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

square  is  bent  of  the  iron,  and  then  short  cross-bars 
are  bolted  to  this  at  about  | "  apart,  inside  the  square. 
Four  pieces  of  iron  rod  are  then  bolted  to  the  four 
corners  of  tamper  and  brought  up  to  a  handle,  for 
operating  same. 

By  this  method  the  base  is  laid  for  the  thickness 
of  the  floor  or  walk,  or  even  with  the  top  of  forms. 
The  tamper  is  used  upon  same,  and  the  action  of  the 
bars  is  to  force  the  larger  stone,  etc.,  down  into  the 
mass,  and  flush  the  surplus  moisture  and  all  fine 
particles  to  the  surface,  where  it  is  finished  with  the 
trowel. 

This  method  does  not  produce  as  perfect  a  surface 
as  is  secured  by  using  a  separate  coat  of  mortar,  but 
for  many  floors  and  walks  can  be  employed.  The 
time  saved  is  considerable,  as  the  work  is  finished  as 
fast  as  the  workers  cover  same,  without  the  necessity 
of  going  back  to  put  on  the  finishing  surface. 

While  the  trowel  shown  at  F  (Fig.  1)  is  univer- 
sally employed  in  finishing  the  flat  surface  of  walks 
and  floors,  yet  its  use  must  not  be  carried  to  an  ex- 
cess, as  too  excessive  troweling  will  form  a  film  of 
clear  cement  over  the  surface  of  the  work;  and  in 
drying  this  contracts,  and  results  in  crazing  or  hair 
cracks.  Also  a  surface  that  is  too  smooth  is  not  to  be 
desired  in  walks  and  floors,  for  the  fact  that  when 
wet  they  are  very  slippery. 

It  is  the  successful  practise  of  many  workers  to 
add  a  dry  mixture  to  the  surface  of  the  mortar  in  fin- 
ishing. This  is  done  by  bringing  the  surface,  with 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  27 

the  steel  trowel,  to  a  perfectly  level  plane,  and  then 
by  lightly  sprinkling  the  surface  with  white  Portland 
cement  and  marble  flour,  mixed  in  equal  parts  and 
used  with  a  sieve,  then  finishing  with  the  trowel 
again.  The  work  has  an  even  white  color  that  is 
very  pleasing. 

Another  mixture  is  to  employ  ordinary  Port- 
land cement,  hydrated  lime,  and  marble  flour  or 
white  sand,  mixed  in  the  proportions  of  1:1:2,  and 
sprinkled  lightly  over  the  surface  with  the  aid  of  a 
sieve,  then  finishing  with  the  steel  trowel. 

Many  employ  a  mixture  of  hydrated  lime  and 
marble  flour,  in  the  proportions  of  1:2,  which  is  an 
aid  in  correcting  the  detrimental  effect  of  flushing 
too  much  cement  to  the  surface  by  the  action  of  the 
steel  trowel. 

The  wooden  trowel  or  float  may  be  used  if  de- 
sired. This  can  be  easily  made  from  a  flat,  smooth 
piece  of  board  of  the  right  size  and  thickness,  to 
which  a  handle  is  attached  in  the  manner  of  a  trowel. 
This  is  used  in  nearly  the  same  manner  as  the  steel 
trowel,  and  makes  a  good  finish  to  the  floor  when  it 
is  desired  to  have  the  surface  level,  yet  rough  enough 
to  give  a  good,  secure  footing  when  wet. 

OTHER   TOOLS   FOR   FINISHING   THE    SURFACE 

At  A  (Fig.  1)  is  shown  the  usual  type  of  edger  or 
tool  for  giving  the  edge  of  worh,  next  to  forms,  an 
oval  shape,  so  that  they  will  be  less  liable  to  break 
when  in  use,  as  well  as  to  completely  separate  the 


28  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

concrete  from  the  forms  at  this  point,  so  that  no 
pieces  will  stick  to  forms  when  they  are  removed. 

At  B  (Fig.  1)  is  shown  the  usual  type  of  jointer, 
although  many  favor  those  with  a  square  corner  at 
one  end  of  the  blade.  This  is  employed  in  finishing 
the  joints,  and  many  workers  employ  same  to  make 
grooves  or  indentations  in  driveways,  so  as  to  give  a 
more  secure  footing. 

At  C  (Fig.  1)  is  shown  the  usual  type  of  center 
knife.  This  is  of  the  greatest  value  when  used  with 
the  straight  edge  in  cutting  the  expansion  joints  in 
the  top  surface.  The  straight  edge  is  placed  upon 
the  marks  on  forms,  where  the  joints  are  to  be  made, 
and  the  center  knife  drawn  along  same,  cutting 
through  the  top  surface  of  mortar  to  where  the  base 
has  been  cut  with  the  grout  cutter,  shown  at  E  in 
same  illustration. 

The  roller  shown  at  G  (Fig.  1)  is  employed  in  the 
surface  finish,  after  the  work  has  been  troweled. 
The  sharp  lines  of  same  cut  small  grooves  in  the  sur- 
face of  the  walk  or  floor,  and  thus  present  a  secure 
footing,  no  matter  how  wet  the  surface  may  become. 

These  tools  must  be  employed  at  the  time  the  sur- 
face finish  is  placed,  and  the  work  must  be  timed  so 
that  they  will  not  have  to  be  applied  to  the  concrete 
after  the  mortar  has  begun  to  set  or  harden. 

DRAINAGE  FOR  THE  SURFACE  OF  FLOOR  OR  WALK 

The  floor  should  be  provided  with  sufficient  slant 
or  slope,  so  that  all  water  will  easily  run  to  the  point 


FlG.  3. — Additional  tools  used  in  floor  and  sidewalk  work. 


30  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

where  the  outlet  is  to  be  placed,  when  the  floor  is  to 
be  subjected  to  very  frequent  wetting. 

In  sidewalks  the  slant  should  be  toward  the  curb, 
and  can  be  accomplished  by  having  the  inside  form 
slightly  higher  than  the  form  next  to  curb-line,  thus 
preventing  any  water  from  collecting  upon  the  walk. 

At  B  (Fig.  3)  is  shown  a  method  of  securing  a 
walk  or  pavement  that  permits  all  water  to  run  off 
the  surface,  as  well  as  making  it  easy  to  flush  the 
walk  to  clean  from  dirt,  and  also  to  prevent  ice 
forming  on  walk  in  winter. 

The  straight-edge,  employed  to  level  the  surface 
of  walk,  can  be  cut  in  an  oval  form,  as  shown  in  il- 
lustration. This  presses  the  surface  concrete  into  a 
convex  form,  thus  providing  a  surface  from  which 
all  water  will  easily  drain. 

This  is  of  advantage  in  the  winter  when  the  rain 
will  be  permitted  to  run  off  the  walk  as  fast  as  it 
falls,  thus  preventing  the  annoyance  and  danger  of 
an  icy  coating  to  same. 

The  height  of  the  center  should  not  be  too  great 
or  it  will  make  it  unpleasant  to  walk  upon  same,  if 
the  walk  is  narrow,  yet  must  be  high  enough  to 
readily  allow  the  water  to  drain  off,  which  can  be 
determined  by  the  worker  when  planning  the  walk. 

METAL   FORMS    FOB   EXPANSION   JOINTS 

At  Fig.  4  are  shown  several  valuable  methods  and 
forms  useful  in  sidewalk,  curb,  and  gutter  construc- 
tion. These  the  worker  will  have  no  difficulty  in 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  31 

making,  and  the  valuable  features  of  same  can  be 
noted  from  the  illustration. 

At  A,  B,  and  C  (Fig.  4)  the  manner  of  making 
and  operating  a  successful  metal  form-holder,  to 
mold  the  expansion  joints  in  any  floor  or  sidewalk, 
is  shown. 

These  are  made  from  heavy  galvanized  sheet-iron. 
This  is  cut  in  a  strip,  from  sheet  exactly  twice  the 
width  of  the  completed  device,  and  is  then  bent  to- 
gether, as  shown  by  the  dotted  line  in  A  (Fig.  4),  so 
that  the  two  thicknesses  of  metal  are  in  width  equal 
to  the  thickness  of  sidewalk  or  floor.  The  length  of 
the  strip  must  be  10 "  more  than  the  width  of  the 
sidewalk,  so  as  to  project  beyond  the  wood  forms  used 
in  molding  the  sides  of  walk.  At  a  point  5 "  from 
each  end  of  the  strip,  a  notch  is  cut  from  the  metal 
that  is  one-fourth  the  entire  width  of  same.  Thus  if 
the  completed  strip  is  to  be  4"  wide,  the  metal  is  cut 
8  "  in  width,  and  a  notch  cut  from  each  side,  at  both 
ends,  exactly  2"  in  depth  and  5"  in  length,  as  illus- 
trated at  A  (Fig.  4). 

After  the  metal  is  bent  together  and  hammered 
down  flat,  the  wood  strips  used  to  mold  sides  of  walk 
or  floor  section  are  cut  at  the  points  where  you  wish 
the  joints  to  be  placed,  which  in  a  3 '  width  of  side- 
walk may  be  placed  42 "  apart,  in  a  4 '  walk  5 '  apart, 
and  in  a  5'  walk  6'  between  joints,  with  success. 
The  end  of  metal  forms,  where  cut  out,  are  then 
fitted  into  these  saw-kerfs,  which  are  made  one-half 
the  thickness  of  the  wood  strips,  thus  bringing  the 


32  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

top  edge  of  the  metal  form  even  with  the  top  edge 
of  wood  strip,  as  shown  in  illustration  at  C  (Fig.  4). 
A  short  piece  of  strap-iron  is  then  bolted  to  the 
metal  form  at  each  end,  in  the  manner  shown  at  B 
(Fig.  4).  This,  when  pressed  down  horizontally, 
must  hold  the  wood  strip,  in  which  form  is  set,  tightly 
up  against  the  shoulder  or  main  portion  of  the  metal 
form.  This  securely  locks  the  two  side  strips  to- 
gecher,  and  permits  of  their  easy  removal  when  taking 
down  forms.  As  the  metal  holders  lock  the  wood 
side  strips  there  is  very  little  staking  needed  to  hold 
the  sidewalk  forms  in  position,  where  the  grade  is 
level,  thus  making  the  erecting  of  forms  a  far  more 
simple  and  rapid  operation  than  when  an  entire  wood 
form  and  stakes  are  employed.  The  cost  of  these 
metal  holders  is  very  slight,  averaging  but  a  few 
cents  each,  with  but  little  time  required  to  make. 
Their  value  is  equal  in  results  to  the  expensive  forms 
for  this  work  on  the  market,  hence  every  sidewalk- 
builder  can  increase  the  amount  of  work  his  force  of 
men  will  do  with  their  use,  at  a  very  slight  expense 
for  an  adequate  supply. 

A   SUCCESSFUL    CURB    AND   GUTTER   MACHINE 

The  machine  shown  at  D  (Fig.  4)  is  very  success- 
ful when  employed  in  molding  a  combined  curb  and 
gutter.  This,  like  the  expansion  joint  metal  forms, 
is  very  easily  and  cheaply  made  by  anyone. 

A  2"  thick  plank  is  cut  into~an  outline  of  the  form 
of  curbing  and  gutter.  This  must  project  at  least  4" 


1=3 


FIG.  4.— Metal  form-holders  for  concrete  sidewalks;  also 
curb  and  gutter  tool. 


34  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

on  each  side  of  the  forms  erected  for  curbing  and 
edge  of  gutter,  so  as  to  provide  a  hand-hold  for  the 
workers  in  operating  the  tool.  This  would  require 
the  plank  to  be  cut  12"  longer  than  the  combined 
width  of  gutter  and  curbing. 

A  strip  of  galvanized  sheet-iron  is  cut  8 "  wide. 
This  is  bent  to  conform  to  the  outline  of  the  curb 
and  gutter,  and  one  edge  tacked  to  the  2"  plank,  as 
shown  in  illustration.  The  tool  rests,  and  is  moved 
along  the  two  outside  planks  that  mold  curbing  and 
edge  of  gutter,  the  concrete  being  filled  in  ahead  of 
the  form,  which  presses  it  into  the  shape  desired.  It 
will  be  found  necessary  to  go  over  the  work  at  least 
twice  to  get  a  good  finish,  as  the  first  operation  forms 
the  concrete  in  the  rough  outline,  but  often  leaves 
small,  imperfect  spots  in  the  work.  These  are  filled 
in  with  mortar,  and  the  next  movement  of  the  tool 
over  the  work  smooths  the  surface.  With  this  tool  a 
good  troweled  finish  may  be  secured  with  greater 
rapidity  than  it  is  possible  to  do  by  hand  work. 

Small  blocks  of  wood  may  be  nailed  to  the  ends  of 
the  tool  on  the  under  side,  so  as  to  act  as  guides  in 
working  the  device,  thus  insuring  a  perfect  line  to 
the  edge  of  the  curbing  without  any  skill  or  attention 
on  the  part  of  the  Operator,  if  the  planks  at  each  side 
are  properly  erected. 

TO    PREVENT  DEFECTS   IN   THE   WOBK 

It  is  very  common  to  find  that  the  surface  finish 
has  not  properly  bonded  to  the  base,  thus  causing  it 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  35 

to  crack  and  uncover  the  base  of  the  floor  or  walk. 
This  is  usually  caused  by  the  base  drying  or  hardening 
before  the  top  surface  is  placed,  or  by  dirt  or  some 
foreign  matter  getting  upon  the  base,  and  thus  pre- 
venting the  top  surface  from  properly  bonding  to  same. 

Where  sand  falls  upon  the  base  it  should  be 
cleaned  off,  and  a  coating  of  neat  cement  and  water 
applied  in  a  thin  wash. 

Where  the  work  upon  the  top  surface  has  been 
unavoidably  delayed  until  the  concrete  in  the  base 
has  set  or  hardened,  the  work  may  be  saved  by  the 
following  treatment.  The  surface  of  the  base  should 
be  thoroughly  wet  with  water,  and  with  a  stiff  broom 
or  wire  brush  all  the  loose  particles  scrubbed  from 
same.  By  a  vigorous  use  of  the  wire  brush  the  ag- 
gregate in  the  base  can  be  uncovered;  that  is,  the 
film  of  cement  over  same  scrubbed  off  where  it  has 
not  thoroughly  set  or  hardened.  By  removing  this 
film  of  cement,  the  new  concrete  can  have  every 
chance  to  bond  with  the  base.  Where  the  aggregate 
cannot  be  uncovered,  a  thin  wash  of  neat  cement  and 
water  will  aid  in  bonding  the  two  surfaces  together, 
and  thus  save  the  work  that  has  been  laid.  After  the 
preparation  of  the  surface,  as  above  described,  the 
top  surface  is  laid  at  once,  while  the  concrete  is  wet, 
and  care  used  to  keep  the  walk  or  floor  wet  for  sev- 
eral days,  so  as  to  permit  the  concrete  to  dry  slowly. 

One  of  the  common  mistakes  made  by  inexperi- 
enced workers  is  to  mix  too  large  a  batch  at  one  time; 
and  then  when  the  mortar  has  begun  to  set  before  it 


36  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

could  be  placed,  to  attempt  to  remix  or  retemper 
same.  This  should  not  be  done,  as  once  concrete  has 
taken  its  initial  set,  or  began  the  hardening  process, 
the  addition  of  water  or  mixing  will  not  dela^  this 
process;  and  to  remix  the  mortar  cannot  give  it 
strength  enough  to  be  satisfactory.  In  all  work  the 
full  strength  of  the  concrete  is  desired,  and  a  batch 
should  not  be  made  that  is  larger  than  can  be  placed 
within  thirty  minutes'  time  or  less.  The  quicker 
the  concrete  is  placed  and  finished  the  greater  the 
chances  of  success;  for  on  hot,  quick-drying  days 
the  mortar  often  begins  its  initial  set,  even  before 
the  half-hour  period. 

The  workmen  should  not  be  permitted  to  walk 
upon  the  base  before  the  top  surface  is  laid,  as  it  is 
positive  to  place  more  or  less  foreign  matter  upon 
same,  and  thus  make  a  weak  spot  in  the  work. 

It  is  the  practise  of  many  workers  to  wet  the 
forms  before  the  concrete  is  placed  against  same. 
This  is  of  value  in  preventing  the  wood  absorbing 
too  much  of  the  moisture  from  the  concrete  that  is 
placed  next  to  the  form. 

All  soft  or  spongy  places  in  the  soil  that  underlies 
the  walk  or  floor  should  be  dug  out  and  the  places 
filled  with  harder  material,  which  is  thoroughly 
tamped  or  compacted  before  the  base  is  laid. 

CUBING   THE    WORK 

Too  much  importance  cannot  be  attached  to  the 
curing  of  sidewalks  and  floor  surfaces,  as  in  the 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  37 

rapid  drying  days  the  set  or  hardening  of  the  con- 
crete will  be  unduly  hastened,  with  a  decrease  in  the 
strength  of  the  work.  The  surface  should  be  covered 
for  at  least  the  first  twelve  hours  on  such  days,  and 
then,  by  wetting  the  work  well  each  day  for  several 
days,  the  material  will  be  given  a  fair  chance  to 
attain  its  maximum  strength  and  durability. 

The  green  concrete  should  be  protected  from  rain 
falling  on  same,  which  would  make  it  rough  and 
unsightly. 

Too  rapid  a  drying  of  the  work  and  also  the  ef- 
fects of  frost  are  apt  to  result  in  hair  cracks,  as  well 
as  to  weaken  the  concrete.  The  best  way  when  in 
doubt  is  to  cover  the  work.  Some  employ  sand  as  a 
protection,  placing  it  where  the  walk  is  hard  enough 
so  as  not  to  injure  same,  and  leaving  until  the  work 
is  fully  cured.  This  is  excellent  to  retain  the  mois- 
ture in  the  work  for  the  longest  period.  Canvas,  tar- 
paper,  and  boards  are  also  used ;  and,  when  weighted 
down  so  as  not  to  be  displaced  by  the  wind,  are  good. 

Where  work  is  placed  in  cold  weather,  and  there 
is  danger  of  frost,  the  sand  and  water  should  be 
heated  so  as  to  give  the  work  a  chance  to  set,  before 
the  temperature  is  lowered  to  the  freezing-point. 
Where  the  work  is  placed  inside  a  building,  it  can 
be  protected  by  heating  the  building,  and  keeping 
this  up  until  the  work  has  fully  hardened,  or  for  at 
least  several  days. 

If  the  work  is  placed  outside,  where  there  is  no 
chance  of  using  heat,  the  surface  can  be  covered 


38  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

with  sand ;  and  upon  this  manure  can  be  placed  with 
a  covering  of  canvas  or  tar-paper,  to  prevent  the  rain 
or  snow  falling  on  the  manure,  and  thus  leaching 
through  to  the  concrete.  Manure  should  never  be 
applied  directly  to  the  concrete,  or  the  work  will  be 
discolored  by  the  manure,  as  well  as  injured  by  the 
ammonia  in  same. 

COST   OF  THE    WORK 

This  is  impossible  to  estimate  so  that  it  will  cover 
all  localities,  as  the  prices  of  labor  and  materials 
vary.  It  is  usually  considered  that  six  men — one  fin- 
isher and  five  laborers — can  place  about  700  square 
feet  of  concrete  in  a  day  of  ten  hours,  where  the 
work  has  a  thickness  of  4  ".  Many  use  the  system  of 
estimating  the  labor  cost  at  2J  cents  per  square  foot, 
with  the  cost  of  cement  at  3f  cents  per  square  foot. 

Where  the  work  is  carefully  laid,  without  slight- 
ing the  job  in  any  manner,  the  cost  will  vary  from  7 
to  8  cents  per  square  foot,  for  a  4"  thickness  of  slab. 

The  writer  knows  of  many  small  cities  that  have 
walks  laid  at  a  contract  price  of  7  cents  a  square  foot, 
but  it  can  be  certain  that  a  perfect  job  was  not  done. 
I  have  noted  such  work  where  pit-run  gravel  was 
used,  and  slight  attention  given  to  the  usual  rules  of 
construction.  The  result  was  a  walk  or  floor  that 
developed  defects  within  a  few  years,  and  had  to  be 
replaced. 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  39 

ORNAMENTAL    SURFACES    FOB   CONCRETE 
FLOORS    AND    WALKS 

In  floor  and  sidewalk  finishing  the  worker  has  a 
wide  range  of  materials  to  work  out  any  form  of  mo- 
saic design,  as  the  simple  coloring  of  the  Portland 
cement  mortar  enables  any  shade  to  be  produced  for 
the  color  scheme  attempted;  also  the  use  of  vari- 
ously colored  aggregates,  as  marble  flour,  white  sand, 
crushed  granite  from  different  quarries,  and  the 
mica  sand  now  on  the  market,  produces  concrete  in 
imitation  of  the  most  expensive  stone.  Concrete  is 
an  ideal  material  for  this  work,  and  may  be  molded 
into  many  ornamental  designs  for  surface-finishing 
units,  by  the  aid  of  the  simple  and  inexpensive  forms 
or  molds  illustrated  and  described  in  the  following 
pages.  These  molds  are  many  of  them  the  invention 
of  the  writer,  and  are  not  patented ;  so  they  may  be 
employed  by  anyone  who  desires  securing  results 
as  successful,  and  in  many  cases  more  so,  than  with 
the  expensive  patented  molds  upon  the  market. 

The  cost  of  these  molds  is  very  slight,  and  the 
extreme  ease  of  construction,  together  with  their 
simplicity,  will  commend  them  to  every  concrete 
worker  who  has  been  hampered  by  lack  of  facilities 
to  successfully  mold  the  many  forms  of  work  he  has 
desired  or  his  trade  demanded. 

MOLDS    FOR   DIAMOND,  HEXAGONAL,   AND 
OTHER  FORMS 

In  Fig.  5  is  shown  a  simple  strap-iron  form  of 
mold  for  perfecting  any  form  of  diamond,  hexagonal, 


40  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

octagonal,  or  other  forms  of  mosaic  ornamentation 
that  may  be  desired.  The  construction  of  this  mold 
or  form  requires  the  simple  bending  of  the  strap- 
iron  into  the  shapes  shown,  or  any  other  that  may  be 
demanded.  The  width  of  the  iron  should  be  equal  to 
the  thickness  you  desire  the  surface  finish.  This  for 
the  average  work  will  be  the  most  satisfactory  if 
made  f  "  or  1 "  in  thickness,  so  as  to  give  a  finishing 
surface  that  is  less  liable  to  breakage  and  more  posi- 
tive to  give  satisfaction. 

The  finishing  surface  is  laid  upon  a  foundation  or 
bed  of  ordinary  concrete,  which  will  carry  the  usual 
floor  reinforcement.  The  floor-slabs  or  separately 
molded  units  used  in  some  forms  of  construction  are 
satisfactory  as  a  bed  or  foundation  for  the  orna- 
mental surface.  In  brief,  the  finishing  surface  may 
be  considered  in  the  same  manner  as  tiling  or  the 
finish  cost  to  a  plain  floor  or  sidewalk. 

The,  simple  diamond  form  shown  at  A  (Fig.  5)  is 
merely  the  bending  of  the  strap-iron  at  right  angles 
each  time,  and  finishing  the  bends  so  as  to  make  a  true 
and  sharp  corner.  In  this  way  a  form  may  be  made 
to  extend  entirely  across  the  floor,  sidewalk,  or  a  sec- 
tion of  same,  as  may  be  desired.  In  operating,  the 
form  is  placed  at  one  side  to  mold  one-half  of  the  de- 
sign, as  shown  at  the  upper  part  of  illustration  at  A 
(Fig.  5).  Into  form  one  color  of  mortar  is  laid  to 
mold  the  starting  course.  The  form  can  then  be 
drawn  away  and  moved  to  one  side,  so  as  to  bring  the 
inside  points  of  form  to  touch  the  points  of  the  por- 


FIG.  5. — Molds  for  diamond,  hexagonal,  and  octagonal  blocks, 
with  method  of  operation. 


42  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

tion  just  completed.  This  gives  a  space  for  the  pla- 
cing of  the  other  color  of  mortar  to  make  the  first  row 
of  completed  diamonds,  or  any  design  that  is  molded. 
The  next  course  is  placed  in  the  same  manner,  only 
the  mold  is  drawn  back  to  the  position  it  occupied 
when  the  starting  course  of  ornaments  were  molded. 

Where  a  very  wet  mixture  of  mortar  is  employed, 
it  is  necessary  to  leave  the  mold  in  position  until  the 
concrete  has  had  an  opportunity  to  "set"  or  harden 
sufficiently  to  stand  up  of  itself.  Where  a  semi-moist 
mixture  is  used  the  work  can  be  handled  more  rap- 
idly, as  the  mold  can  be  moved  for  the  next  course 
of  ornaments  or  units  as  soon  as  the  concrete  is  in 
place  for  the  one  the  operator  is  working  upon.  By 
operating  in  this  manner  a  very  large  section  of  the 
floor  can  be  laid  every  day;  and  if  the  concrete  is 
tightly  rammed  in  the  mold  and  then  wet  down  thor- 
oughly every  day  during  the  process  of  hardening, 
the  results  will  be  satisfactory. 

The  mold  may  be  held  in  position  in  various  ways. 
One  of  the  most  simple  is  to  cut  a  2x4"  scantling 
with  notches  of  2"  depth  along  one  side.  These 
notches  rest  against  a  brace  or  some  rigid  portion  of 
the  molds,  and  with  the  opposite  end  against  the 
strap-iron  form.  With  two  or  three  of  these  strips 
the  molds  may  be  held  from  pressing  out,  from  the 
tamping  of  the  concrete,  and  the  notches  admit  of 
their  easy  and  rapid  adjustment  when  it  is  necessary 
to  move  the  molds. 

Another  method  of  using  this  form  is  to  have  two 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  43 

molds  of  strap-iron  exactly  alike.  These  are  placed 
to  form  the  space  for  the  complete  diamond,  or  other 
unit,  and  the  concrete  filled  into  same.  The  molds 
are  then  moved  to  the  space  where  the  next  course 
of  this  color  of  mortar  is  to  be  placed,  as  is  shown  in 
the  illustration  at  A  (Fig.  5) .  By  thus  molding  the 
units  of  this  one  color  over  the  entire  floor  first,  and 
when  these  have  hardened,  filling  in  the  spaces  be- 
tween same  with  the  opposite  color  of  mortar,  you 
have  the  advantage  of  using  one  kind  of  mortar  all 
the  time  instead  of  mixing  small  batches  of  two 
different  colors. 

MOLDING    BORDER   DESIGN 

The  border  design  shown  at  B  (Fig.  5)  is  molded 
in  a  similar  manner.  The  two  half-diamond  squares 
in  the  white  are  placed  with  the  same  style  of  form 
as  explained  for  A  (Fig.  5).  The  small,  white  dia- 
monds in  the  center  are  molded  by  bending  a  strip  of 
the  strap-iron  into  the  diamond  form,  of  the  size  you 
wish  for  these,  after  bending.  Cut  it  into  two  pieces 
at  the  corner  opposite  the  one  where  the  two  ends 
meet,  thus  making  two  right  angles.  These  may  be 
held  together  for  molding  by  placing  two  small  clamps 
at  these  corners,  and  the  central  ornament  of  border 
molded  in  the  white  finish.  After  these  have  hard- 
ened it  is  then  a  simple  matter  to  lay  the  dark  mortar 
around  same,  completing  a  very  attractive  and  orna- 
mental border  for  any  floor. 


44  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

HEXAGONAL    MOLD 

The  hexagonal  mold  shown  at  C  (Fig.  5)  is  con- 
structed of  the  same  material,  and  operated  in  practi- 
cally the  same  manner.  As  the  mold  is  but  one-half 
of  a  hexagon,  it  is  very  simple  to  place  the  courses  in 
the  manner  explained  for  the  diamond  form. 

OCTAGONAL    MOLD 

The  octagonal  mold  shown  at  D  (Fig.  5)  portrays 
the  great  adaptability  to  almost  all  forms  of  mosaic 
ornamentation  of  this  system  of  molding.  This  form 
is  made  up  of  two  strips  of  strap-iron  to  join,  when 
made  as  illustrated,  at  the  connecting  points  of  the 
design.  This  leaves  a  space  for  the  opposite  color  of 
mortar  in  the  form  of  a  four-pointed  star,  as  shown 
by  the  dotted  line  in  this  illustration.  This  may  be 
varied  to  make  many  other  designs  to  connect  the 
octagons,  as  the  worker  can  understand  from  the 
illustration  given. 

PREPARING   THE   MORTAR 

The  mixture  of  concrete  for  the  foundation  or  bed 
must  vary  according  to  the  work  and  the  require- 
ments for  same.  Hence  it  need  not  be  an  exception- 
ally rich  mixture,  or  one  of  fine  aggregate,  as  the 
rules  covering  the  proportioning  of  the  bases  of 
floors  and  sidewalks  will  govern  this.  It  must  be 
tamped  or  leveled  so  as  to  give  an  even  surface, 
which  will  serve  as  a  guide  in  securing  the  proper 
level  to  the  finishing  course. 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  45 

In  proportioning  the  mortar  for  the  finishing  sur- 
face, greater  care  must  be  employed,  as  this  demands 
a  richer  mix  and  a  perfect  finish.  One  of  the  most 
satisfactory  mixes  for  a  white  mortar  is  to  use  white 
Portland  cement,  marble  flour,  or  crushed  marble, 
and  white  sand,  that  is  clean  and  sharp,  in  the  pro- 
portion of  1:1:2,  in  the  order  given.  For  many 
classes  of  work  the  proportion  of  white  sand  may  be 
increased  to  1:1:3  and  yet  secure  satisfactory  re- 
sults, where  a  wet  or  slush  mortar  can  be  used.  For 
a  dark,  natural,  stone  finish,  one  of  the  best  meth- 
ods is  to  employ  the  ordinary  Portland  cement  and 
crushed  granite,  or  the  mica  sand,  in  the  proportion 
of  1:3.  Where  a  very  smooth  surface  is  desired  it 
may  also  be  employed  at  1:2J;  but  in  making  the 
mortar  or  concrete  too  rich,  the  danger  of  map- 
cracking  or  crazing  is  increased,  without  any  ma- 
terial increase  to  the  strength  of  the  work. 

COLORED    MORTAR 

Where  it  is  desired  to  employ  colored  mortars  for 
this  purpose,  the  ordinary  Portland  cement  may  be 
used  with  the  aggregate  of  well-screened,  sharp  sand 
that  is  free  from  all  dirt.  The  color  is  best  added  to 
the  cement  before  mixing  with  the  sand.  Thus,  by 
using  two  pounds  of  carbon  black  with  each  sack  of 
Portland  cement  an  excellent  shade  of  black  is  ob- 
tained. Eight  pounds  of  raw  iron  oxide  to  each 
sack  of  cement  secures  a  good  shade  of  red.  Nine 
pounds  of  the  ordinary  yellow  ocher  to  each  sack  of 


46  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

cement  will  produce  a  yellow  or  buff  tint  to  the  mor- 
tar, while  four  pounds  of  Prussian  blue,  to  the  same 
proportion  of  cement,  will  secure  a  bright  blue  shade. 
The  disadvantage  in  employing  colored  mortars  is 
the  fact  that  they  cannot  be  assured  to  hold  the  same 
shade  for  all  time.  This  is  more  pronounced  in  the 
brighter  colors  than  in  the  use  of  black  mortars,  for 
which  the  carbon  black  of  a  good  grade  gives  better 
results  than  the  ordinary  cheaper  grades  of  lamp- 
black. 

ANOTHER   FORM    OF   STRAP-IRON    MOLD 

In  Fig.  6  is  shown  another  manner  of  employing 
the  strap-iron  molds  to  produce  any  ornamental  form 
desired,  molding  the  work  upon  the  foundation  where 
it  is  to  be  used,  or  as  a  separate  unit  and  then  em- 
bedding in  mortar,  as  employed  for  terra  cotta  and 
other  forms  of  floor  tiles. 

At  A  (Fig.  6)  is  shown  the  completed  strap-iron 
mold  for  a  hexagonal  block  or  tile.  This  is  bent  in 
the  form  shown,  using  two  pieces  of  iron  to  make 
the  complete  hexagon.  The  hinge  corner  is  shown 
at  B  (Fig.  6) ,  and  is  made  by  cutting  a  slot  through 
one  end  of  the  iron,  and  with  a  tenon  cut  from  the 
end  of  the  other  part  of  mold  to  fit  into  this  slot,  a 
secure  hinge  is  obtained  that  permits  of  the  easy 
folding  back  of  the  mold  from  the  completed  work. 
The  opposite  corner  is  fastened  when  the  mold  is  in 
operation,  with  a  similar  slot  and  tenon,  but  with  the 
end  of  tenon  bent  into  a  ring,  through  which  a  bolt 


FIG.  6.— Molds  for  hexagonal  floor  and  sidewalk  blocks. 


48  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

or  pin  is  used  to  hold  the  mold  together.  This  joint 
is  shown  in  detail  at  C  (Fig.  6).  As  this  mold  is 
easily  and  cheaply  constructed,  a  number  of  them 
can  be  made  to  permit  the  system  of  operation,  as 
shown  in  the  illustration  at  bottom  of  Fig.  6. 

OPERATING   THE    MOLD 

The  color  scheme  is  worked  out  by  placing  a  string 
of  these  molds  across  one  side  of  the  floor,  where  the 
first  course  of  hexagonal  blocks  are  to  be  molded,  and 
filling  the  first  with  the  white  mortar,  the  next  with 
the  opposite  color,  and  the  next  two  with  the  first 
color,  the  fifth  with  the  darker  color,  and  in  this 
order  until  the  course  is  complete.  The  molds  are 
then  moved  to  the  third  course  of  blocks  or  tile,  and 
the  operation  repeated.  The  course  to  join  these 
together  is  molded  by  using  short  strips  of  iron,  in 
length  equal  to  one  side  of  the  hexagon,  and  also  by 
employing  the  strap-iron  form  shown  at  D  (Fig.  6) , 
which  is  simply  two  sides  of  the  hexagonal  form. 
This  permits  the  molding  of  the  blocks  on  their  per- 
manent foundation,  but  is  not  so  rapid  as  the  method 
explained  in  Fig.  5. 

The  main  value  of  this  form  is  in  molding  the 
blocks  as  separate  units,  and  then  laying  them  in  the 
manner  employed  for  placing  tiling.  A  pallet  is  used 
that  permits  the  mold  to  be  placed  upon  same.  This 
can  be  made  of  wood,  and  covered  with  a  sheet  of 
galvanized  iron  as  a  face,  which  gives  a  smooth  mold- 
ing surface  for  the  block  or  tile.  The  concrete  is 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  49 

tamped  inside  this  mold  and  the  reinforcement 
added.  This  may  be  the  No.  20  wire  lath,  with  a  J  " 
mesh ;  or  where  the  cost  is  to  be  reduced  and  the  floor 
strain  is  not  too  severe,  the  poultry  netting  or  fencing 
with  a  one-inch  mesh  may  be  employed.  This  should 
be  cut  in  a  hexagonal  form  one  inch  smaller  than  the 
mold,  so  as  to  place  the  reinforcement  J "  from  all 
sides  of  the  mold.  When  this  is  in  position  the  bal- 
ance of  the  mortar  may  be  placed,  and  the  top  lev- 
eled off  or  finished  with  a  trowel,  as  may  be  desired. 
In  removing  the  work  from  the  mold,  a  pallet  or 
board  is  placed  on  the  top  of  mold,  and  the  mold  and 
galvanized  iron  pallet  turned  over.  The  latter  is  then 
drawn  away  and  the  mold  unhooked  and  removed, 
leaving  the  completed  block  upon  the  board  to  cure, 
with  the  face  exposed  for  remedying  any  defects  in 
the  surface  finish  of  block  that  may  have  occurred 
in  the  molding. 

LAYING   THE    TILE 

When  these  separate  units  are  fully  cured,  they 
may  be  laid  on  the  foundation  or  bed,  which  should 
be  fully  hardened  or  cured,  by  placing  an  even  coat 
of  cement  mortar  upon  the  foundation  and  embedding 
the  blocks  in  same,  lightly  tamping  them  down  until 
they  are  even  and  level.  The  foundation  and  blocks 
should  be  thoroughly  wet  before  laying,  so  as  to  secure 
a  good  bond  between  same.  The  mortar  for  this 
work  is  best  made  of  equal  parts  of  Portland  cement 
and  fine,  sharp  sand,  and  mixed  thin  enough  to  per- 


50  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

mit  the  easy  embedding  of  the  blocks  in  same.  A 
straight-edge  laid  across  the  top  of  the  blocks  will 
aid  in  leveling  the  work,  as  the  straight-edge  can  be 
moved  along  as  the  work  progresses. 

Another  way  is  to  place  the  cement  mortar  for 
blocks  upon  the  foundation  for  a  section  as  large  as 
you  can  lay  before  the  cement  mortar  will  take  its 
initial  set.  This  is  leveled  with  a  straight  edge,  and 
thus  presents  an  even  surface  for  the  blocks  to  be 
placed.  The  blocks  are  all  placed  for  this  section, 
and  a  board,  the  length  of  section  and  from  12"  to 
20 "  wide,  is  laid  upon  the  blocks  or  tile  at  one  side. 
By  tamping  upon  this  board  'evenly,  the  blocks  are 
pressed  down  into  the  mortar  with  all  edges  exactly 
even.  The  board  may  then  be  moved,  and  the  op- 
eration repeated  until  the  entire  section  of  floor  is 
leveled. 

To  successfully  place  the  tile  or  blocks,  a  large 
section  of  floor  must  not  be  attempted  at  a  time. 
The  worker  must  use  up  the  mortar  employed  for 
this  purpose  in  from  twenty  to  thirty  minutes,  when 
it  is  mixed  very  wet,  otherwise  it  will  start  to 
"set"  or  harden,  and  will  not  have  strong  cement- 
ing qualities. 

SIZE    OF    BLOCKS 

The  thickness  of  blocks  may  be  decreased  to  f "  or 
even  J  "  when  desired,  as  they  are  laid  on  a  rigid  bed 
or  foundation  of  concrete,  so  will  for  all  average  pur- 
poses have  ample  strength  if  reinforced,  and  made 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  51 

J  "  in  thickness.  The  size  of  blocks  can  be  according 
to  the  work  to  be  done  or  the  wishes  of  the  operator, 
thus  permitting  a  number  of  sizes  •  to  work  out  any 
design  or  scheme  of  color  you  may  wish.  The  duc- 
tility of  the  strap-iron  makes  it  an  ideal  material  for 
molds  of  this  kind,  as  it  may  be  bent  into  any  shape 
desired  with  ease,  and  is  very  durable  for  this  pur- 
pose. Where  any  difficulty  is  experienced  by  having 
the  concrete  stick  to  the  molds,  the  coating  of  the 
iron  with  enamel,  as  is  used  for  bath-tubs,  will  give 
a  very  smooth  and  durable  molding  surface  that  does 
not  require  coating  with  any  grease  or  other  com- 
pound each  time  to  prevent  sticking.  This  also 
insures  a  smooth  and  even  edge  to  the  blocks  or  tile 
molded  in  these  simple  and  effective  molds. 

MOLDING    FLOOR    SLABS 

The  floor  of  hollow  concrete  slabs  or  units  shown 
at  C  (Fig.  7)  makes  an  excellently  ventilated  floor, 
and  one  of  value  for  any  building,  as  well  as  such 
floors  that  must  be  laid  on  a  wet  soil  or  foundation. 
Under  this  condition  this  type  of  floor  will  always  be 
found  to  be  dry,  a  most  valuable  feature  in  all  build- 
ings used  for  the  storing  of  grain  or  other  perishable 
articles,  as  well  as  its  perfect  insulation  for  residence 
floors  and  other  structures  where  a  non-conductor  of 
heat,  cold,  or  dampness  is  a  necessary  feature. 

A  number  of  the  completed  slabs  are  shown  at  C 
(Fig.  7),  laid  into  the  floor.  This  shows  the  method 
of  placing  the  slabs,  which  simply  require  cementing 


52  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

together  with  cement  mortar,  as  used  for  laying  the 
concrete  blocks  or  tile.  The  slabs  are  placed  upon  a 
foundation  or  bed,  the  top  of  this  forming  one  side 
of  the  dead  air-space.  This  foundation  should  carry 
ample  reinforcement  for  the  weight  of  floor,  and  such 
weight  as  it  will  be  compelled  to  carry  in  actual  use. 
The  thickness  of  foundation  should  not  be  less  than 
4 ",  and  this  can  be  increased  as  the  needs  may  de- 
mand. For  average  purposes  the  thickness  of  top 
slab  over  opening  may  be  1J "  to  2 ",  where  the  span 
of  the  opening  is  not  over  3  "  at  the  top,  with  a  slab 
6  "  wide  over  all. 

The  reinforcement  may  be  any  of  the  sheet-rein- 
forcing material  suitable  for  this  purpose.  This  is 
cut  into  strips  the  width  of  the  slab,  and  inserted 
with  the  placing  of  the  concrete.  A  most  success- 
ful reinforcement  is  to  employ  the  expanded  metal 
lathing  cut  into  strips  8"  wide,  for  use  with  a  6" 
width  of  slab.  On  each  side  of  the  reinforcement 
the  metal  is  bent  down  for  li"  of  its  width,  thus 
making  it  5"  on  top,  and  with  the  ends  of  metal 
resting  upon  the  foundation  of  concrete  under  the 
floor-slabs,  thus  securing  a  very  rigid  type  of  floor. 

The  use  of  iron  rods  in  each  slab  may  be  employed, 
as  shown  in  illustration  at  C  (Fig.  7).  These  should 
be  bound  together  with  wire,  to  connect  them,  at  dis- 
tances of  every  10 "  to  12 ",  and  serve  not  only  to 
strengthen  the  slab,  but  to  make  the  placing  of  the 
reinforcement  far  easier  and  more  successful. 


FIG.  7.— Constructing-  hollow  concrete  floor  slabs  or  units. 


54  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

THE    MOLD 

The  form  to  mold  these  floor-slabs  is  shown  at  A 
(Fig.  7).  This  is  best  made  by  using  an  8"  wide 
plank  that  is  2"  thick,  as  the  bottom  of  mold.  Two 
2x4"  pieces  are  hinged  to  this  with  the  sides  resting 
upon  the  bottom  of  mold,  thus  permitting  these  sides 
to  be  folded  back  when  releasing  the  work  from 
mold.  The  core  form  to  mold  the  opening  on  one 
side  of  slab  may  be  made  from  a  2x  4"  piece,  planed 
down  in  a  bevel  on  each  side  so  the  top  is  3"  in 
width,  with  the  bottom  the  full  4",  thus  molding 
the  feet  or  base  of  slabs  1 "  wide  upon  each  side  of 
slab.  As  two  of  these  slabs  join,  this  gives  a  base  of 
2"  to  rest  upon  the  foundation  at  this  point.  The 
core  form  is  nailed  to  the  bottom  slab  of  mold,  as 
illustrated,  and  two  ends  supplied  for  mold. 

The  concrete  is  tamped  into  mold  so  as  to  cover  the 
core  form  with  about  1 "  of  mortar.  Then  the  rein- 
forcement is  placed  and  the  balance  of  concrete 
tamped  into  mold,  and  the  top  struck  [  off  with 
straight-edge  and  trowel  finished.  The  work  is  re- 
leased from  mold  by  placing  a  board  or  pallet  upon 
the  top,  and  turning  over  the  mold  to  rest  upon  this. 
The  sides  are  unfastened  and  folded  outward  from 
the  concrete,  before  the  entire  mold  is  lifted  up,  thus 
leaving  the  completed  slab  upon  the  pallet  to  cure, 
and  making  the  one  mold  available  to  mold  a  large 
number  of  slabs  each  day. 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  55 

ORNAMENTING    THE    SURFACE    OF   SLABS 

A  simple  manner  of  ornamenting  the  top  surface 
of  the  slabs,  as  they  are  molded,  is  shown  at  B  (Fig. 
7).  This  is  accomplished  by  employing  strips  of 
heavy  galvanized  iron,  f "  or  1 "  in  width,  and  about 
12  "  long.  The  sides  of  the  mold  are  cut  with  a  saw 
to  a  depth  equal  to  the  width  of  the  strips  of  iron ; 
and  by  inserting  these  strips  into  the  saw-kerfs  the 
top  of  the  mold  is  divided  into  spaces,  for  the  placing 
of  differently  colored  concrete  to  perfect  any  design 
you  wish.  Thus  if  the  kerfs  are  placed  opposite  each 
other,  as  illustrated,  the  surface  can  be  accurately 
divided  in  squares;  while  by  cutting  the  sides  on  a 
miter,  a  diamond  form  or  ornament  may  be  per- 
fected. In  this  manner  a  number  of  designs  may  be 
molded  to  work  out  any  scheme  of  color  you  wish  in 
the  floor. 

FOUNDATION   FOR  SLABS 

In  the  construction  of  a  foundation  for  the  hollow- 
floor  slabs  explained  in  Fig.  7,  where  used  for  all 
floors  not  upon  a  rigid  foundation,  the  interlocking 
form  of  slab  illustrated  at  A  (Fig.  8)  will  be  of  the 
greatest  value. 

As  will  be  noted  from  the  drawing,  the  slabs  lock 
together  upon  both  sides,  making  a  very  strong  and 
rigid  floor. 

REINFORCEMENT 

These  slabs  are  reinforced  with  the  form  of  rein- 
forcement shown  at  C  (Fig.  8) ;  also  in  the  sectional 


56  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

illustration  at  A  (Fig.  8)  the  rods  are  bound  together 
in  a  triangular  form  with  lighter  rods  or  wire,  thus 
insuring  the  even  spacing  of  the  reinforcement,  and 
making  it  more  simple  to  place  same,  and  hold  in 
position  when  filling  in  the  concrete. 

This  form  of  reinforcement  is  very  effective  in 
the  type  of  floor-slab  shown,  as  the  rods  upon  each 
side  are  placed  in  the  center  of  the  projecting  con- 
crete, that  forms  the  joint  or  lock  between  each 
slab,  thus  giving  this  important  part  of  the  slab  the 
necessary  strength  demanded. 

There  are  many  other  types  of  reinforcing  ma- 
terial on  the  market  that  are  available  for  this  pur- 
pose, so  the  worker  can  secure  what  he  believes  is 
best  suited  to  the  requirements. 

MOLD    FOR    SLABS 

The  mold  for  floor-slab  is  shown  at  B  (Fig.  8). 
This  is  very  simply  and  easily  constructed  of  plank 
2"  in  thickness.  A  piece  is  used  for  the  bottom  that 
is  12 "  in  width,  and  the  length  you  desire  the  slabs 
or  units  to  be  molded.  To  this  are  hinged  with  strap 
hinges  two  2x4"  strips  as  sides  of  the  mold.  If 
the  slab  is  wanted  less  than  4 "  in  thickness,  these 
may  be  cut  down  in  width  to  conform  to  the  de- 
sired thickness  of  slab;  and  with  a  greater  thick- 
ness of  slab  than  4",  wider  lumber  is  employed  for 
sides. 

The  lock  or  projections  on  each  side  of  slab  are 
molded  by  attaching  to  the  sides  of  mold  two  strips 


1— ^yXy^Sj^NJriiH^^ 

E.'  ^frr  -f!  •'•  .T-'gr-y ,'.|.--- ?^,.-  ..'.'•r.'V.'T.--.  !*».-:J-:':¥-.-..-.-~-r.- .  -..T. •..  v:^.--:| 

/I 


V 


v 


\/ 


V 


\l 


FIG.  8. — Constructing  interlocking  floor  slabs  with  reinforce- 
ment and  shoring  for  floor  molds. 


58  CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 

of  wood  that  are  2"  thick,  and  in  width  equal  to  one- 
half  the  width  of  the  sides  of  mold.  These  are  nailed 
to  the  sides  with  one  strip  at  the  top  of  one  side  and 
the  other  at  the  bottom  of  opposite  side,  as  shown  in 
illustration  at  B  (Fig.  8).  The  mold  is  completed  by 
fastening  a  board  at  each  end  of  mold,  and  it  is  then 
ready  for  filling  in  the  concrete.  The  mold  is  easily 
removed  from  work  as  rapidly  as  molded,  by  placing 
a  pallet  upon  top  of  same  and  turning  over  the  entire 
mold  to  rest  upon  this  board.  The  one  side  with 
strip  at  top  of  same  is  folded  back  and  the  bottom 
lifted,  thus  releasing  the  opposite  side  strip  without 
the  least  danger  of  injuring  the  concrete. 

BRACE   OB    SHORING   FOR   CENTERING 

With  many  structures  it  is  desirable  to  mold  the 
floor  monolithic ;  and  in  securing  the  form  for  this 
purpose, 'much  good  lumber  is  hopelessly  spoiled  in 
useless  shoring.  The  form  of  brace  shown  at  D  (Fig. 
8)  is  one  that  may  be  employed  for  many  different 
jobs,  as  it  is  adjustable  to  different  lengths  or  heights 
of  rooms,  and  supports  the  forms  for  floor  as  rigidly 
as  may  be  desired. 

In  construction  2x4"  to  2x8"  lumber  is  used, 
according  to  the  weight  of  forms  or  centering  and 
the  concrete  to  be  placed.  These  two  strips  are  bolted 
together,  and  at  the  top  and  bottom  a  cross  strip  is 
bolted  to  hold  the  shoring  rigid,  with  small  blocks 
nailed  to  the  centering,  and  also  to  floor  below  at 
the  end  of  each  upright.  A  few  of  these  adjustable 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS  59 

forms  will  save  much  unnecessary  waste  of  time  in 
constructing  shoring  for  each  job. 

REINFORCEMENT   OF  FLOORS    AND   WALKS 

The  reinforcement  of  floor-slabs  must  be  deter- 
mined by  the  load  the  floor  must  carry,  and  the  struc- 
ture in  which  they  are  placed.  Hence  it  is  not  possi- 
ble to  give  data  that  may  be  applied  to  every  class  of 
structure ;  but  where  the  conditions  are  the  same  as 
found  in  average  buildings,  the  following  spacing  of 
rods  in  your  floor-slabs  will  be  ample  to  meet  the 
loads  specified,  when  used  with  wires  or  woven  wire 
netting  to  aid  in  holding  the  rods  at  the  proper  dis- 
tance apart.  This  can  be  employed  by  placing  the 
rods  as  specified ;  and  over  this  spreading  the  woven 
wire  netting,  and  with  short  wire  ties  fastening  the 
rods  to  the  netting  at  the  proper  distance  apart,  thus 
guarding  against  the  displacing  of  the  rods  in  filling 
in  the  concrete,  as  well  as  adding  materially  to  the 
strength  of  the  reinforcement,  which  is  ample  for 
the  work  demanded. 

The  proportions  of  the  concrete  mixture  for  both 
Tables  I  and  II  are  based  on  a  mix  of  1:2:4,  or  one 
part  of  Portland  cement  to  two  parts  of  clean,  sharp 
sand  and  four  parts  of  crushed  stone  or  gravel  from  y 
to  1"  in  diameter.  Care  must  be  given  to  the  placing 
of  the  rods  at  the  specified  distance  from  the  bottom 
of  the  concrete,  as  well  as  the  spacing  of  the  rods, 
and  some  method  employed  to  prevent  the  concrete 
tamped  upon  reinforcement  from  displacing  same. 


CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  SIDEWALKS 


TABLE   I 


Floor  loading  of  125  pounds  per  square  foot. 


Length  of 

Thickness 

Placed  from 

Diameter 

Spacing 

Span  of  Slab. 

of  Slab. 

Bottom. 

of  Rods. 

of  Rods. 

8' 

3" 

I" 

-A" 

6  " 

8' 

4" 

I" 

§" 

6  " 

8' 

5" 

1     " 

4" 

7ir/ 

10' 

3" 

!" 

.    A" 

6  " 

10' 

4" 

i"    . 

1" 

6  " 

10' 

5" 

i  " 

i" 

W 

12' 

3" 

!" 

A" 

6  " 

12' 

4" 

1  " 

§" 

6  " 

12' 

5" 

1  * 

i" 

1  " 

14' 

3" 

!" 

A" 

5i/r 

14' 

4" 

1  " 

3    " 

5J^ 

14' 

5" 

1  " 

I" 

6J" 

TABLE   II 

Floor  loading 

of  60  pounds 

per  square  foot. 

Length  of 

Thickness 

Placed  from 

Diameter 

Spacing 

Span  of  Slab. 

of  Slab. 

Bottom. 

of  Rods. 

of  Rods. 

8' 

3" 

1" 

1" 

5i" 

8' 

4" 

1  " 

1" 

6  " 

10' 

3" 

2" 

1" 

54" 

10' 

4" 

1  " 

3  // 

6  " 

12'      . 

3" 

1" 

1" 

5  " 

12' 

4" 

1  " 

3  // 

54" 

14' 

3" 

r 

I" 

5  " 

14' 

4" 

i  " 

1" 

54" 

The  above  tables  will  be  found  ample  for  all  aver- 
age requirements  when  used  in  connection  with  the 
wire  netting  or  woven-wire  fabric,  and  will  aid  the 
worker  in  designing  the  reinforcement  for  the  floors 
he  will  usually  construct. 


INDEX 


Adjustable  brace  for  shoring 57,  58 

Advantage  of  natural  stone  for  coloring 45,  46 

Aggregate,  how  to  select 18 

Blocks  or  floor  tile,  molded  as  separate  units 48 

Border  design  for  floor  tile 41-43 

Brace  for  shoring 57,  58 

Cement  that  should  be  used 17 

Clean  materials,  value  of 18, 19 

Coloring  the  mortar 45,  46 

Constructing  forms  for  floors  and  walks 16 

Cost  of  the  work 38 

Crazing,  how  caused 26 

Curb  and  gutter  machine,  how  made 32,  33,  34 

Curing  the  work 37 

Defective  floors  and  walks,  causes  of 13 

Defects  in  work,  how  to  prevent 35 

Diamond  form  floor  tile 39 

Drainage  for  surface  of  walk 30 

Dry  materials  used  for  surface  finish 27 

Drying  too  rapidly 37 

Expansion  joints,  how  made 23 

metal  forms  for  molding 30,  31 

Fine  sand  in  aggregate 19 

Floating  surface  coat 24 

Floor  slabs  with  air-chamber : 

how   laid 51 

mold  for 53,  54 

reinforcement 52 

value  of 51 

61 


62  INDEX 

PAGE 

Floor  tile,  molds  for 41-47 

Flushing  surface  coat  by  tamping 24-26 

Forms  for  floors  and  walks 16, 17 

Foundations,  drainage,  for  sidewalks 15 

when  laid  in  cellar 15 

Frost,  protecting  concrete  against 37,  38 

Gutter,  machine  to  mold 32,  33 

Hexagonal  floor  tile 41,  46,  47 

mold  for 46,  47 

Hollow  concrete  floor  slabs 51,  52,  53,  54 

Ice  on  walks,  to  prevent 29,  30 

Interlocking  floor  slab 57 

how  molded 56-58 

reinforcement  for 55 

Laying  floor  tile 49,  50 

Marble  finish,  how  to  secure 45 

Materials  for  good  concrete 17, 18 

Metal  forms  for  expansion  joints 33 

how  made,  and  operated 31,  32 

Mixing,  how  to  properly  mix  concrete 20 

Mortar  and  colors  for  surface  finish 44,  45 

Mortar,  to  lay  floor  tile 49 

Mosaic  floor  tile,  molds  for,  and  how  made. . . .  .40,  41,  42,  43,  44 

Necessity  of  observing  proper  rules  of  construction 14 

Octagonal  floor  tile 41-44 

Ornamental  surfaces  for  floors  and  walks 39 

Ornamenting  surface  of  floor  slabs 55 

Placing  and  finishing  the  top  surface 23,  24 

Placing  the  concrete 22 

Proportions  in  mixing 19 

Reinforcement  for  floors 59,  60 

Reinforcing  sidewalks 16 

floor  tile..  49 


INDEX  63 

PAGE 

Retempering  mortar 36 

Roller  to  finish  walks 25 

Shoring-  floor  centering 58 

Slabs,  size  of 23 

Sticking  to  mold,  how  to  prevent 51 

Surface,  how  finished 24-26 

Table  to  estimate  reinforcement 60 

Tamping  the  concrete 22 

Thickness  of  slabs 16 

of  tile 51 

Tools  for  finishing  surface 21,  27,  28 

Troweling  work,  how  done 26 

Water,  how  to  apply  to  the  mixture 20 

Wetting  forms  before  using ,  36 

Wooden  float  for  use  on  surfaces . .  27 


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SUBJECT     INDEX 


PAGE 

Accidents 18 

Air  Brakes 17,  19 

Arithmetics 20 

Automobiles 3 

Balloons 3 

Bevel  Gears 14 

Boilers 22 

Brazing 3 

Cams 15 

Car  Charts 4 

Change  Gear 14 

Charts 3,  4,  22 

Chemistry 23 

Coal  Mining 23 

Coke 4 

Compressed  Air 5 

Concrete 5 

Cyclopedia 4,  20 

Dictionaries 7 

Dies 7 

Drawing 8,  24 

Drop  Forging 7 

Dynamo 9,  10,  11 

Electricity. 9,  10,  11,  12 

Engines  and  Boilers 22 

Factory  Management 12 

Flying  Machines 3 

Fuel 13 

Gas  Manufacturing 14 

Gas  Engines 13,  14 

Gears 14 

Heating,  Electric 9 

Hot  Water  Heating 27 

Horse-Power  Chart 4 

Hydraulics 15 

Ice  Making , 15 

India  Rubber 25 

Interchangeable  Manufacturing 20 

Inventions.'. '. ,  .    15 

Knots 15 

Lathe  Work 16 

Lighting  (Electric) 9 

Link  Motion 17 

Liquid  Air 16 

Locomotive  Boilers 18 

Locomotive  Engineering. .......  17,  18,  19 

Machinist's  Books .  .  20,  21,  22 


PAGE 

Manual  Training 22 

Marine  Engines 22 

Marine  Steam  Turbines 29 

Mechanical  Movements 20,  21 

Metal  Turning 16 

Milling  Machines 21 

Mining 22,  23 

Oil  Engines 13 

Patents 15 

Pattern  Making 23 

Perfumery 23 

Pipes 28 

Plumbing 24 

Producer  Gas 13 

Punches 7 

Railroad  Accidents 18 

Receipt  Book 23,  25 

Refrigeration 15 

Rope  Work 15 

Rubber  Stamps 25 

Saws 26 

Sheet  Metal  Working 7 

Shop  Tools 21 

Shop  Construction 20 

Shop  Management 20 

Sketching  Paper. 8 

Smoke  Prevention 13 

Soldering 3 

Splices 15 

Steam  Engineering 26,  27 

Steam  Heating 27 

Steam  Pipes 28 

Steel 28 

Superheated  Steam 17 

Switchboards 9,  11 

Tapers 16 

Telephone 12 

Threads 22 

Tools 20,  22 

Turbines 29 

Ventilation 27 

Valve  Gear 19 

Valve  Setting 17 

Walschaert  Valve  Gear 19 

Watchmaking 29 

Wiring 9,  11,  12 

Wireless  Telephones  and  Telegraphy 12 


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AUTOMOBILE 

THE  MODERN  GASOLINE  AUTOMOBILE— ITS  DESIGN,  CONSTRUCTION, 

MAINTENANCE  AND  REPAIR.     By  VICTOR  W.  PAGE,  M.  E. 

The  latest  and  most  complete  treatise  on  the  Gasoline  Automobile  ever  issued.  Written 
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be  without.  Nearly  600  6x9  pages — and  more  than  500  new  and  specially  made  detail  il- 
lustrations, as  well  as  many  full  page  and  double  page  plates,  showing  all  parts  of  the 
automobile.  Including  nine  large  folding  plates.  Price $2.50 

BALLOONS  AND  FLYING  MACHINES 

MODEL  BALLOONS  AND  FLYING  MACHINES.  WITH  A  SHORT  ACCOUNT  OF 
THE  PROGRESS  OF  AVIATION.  By  J.  H.  ALEXANDER. 

This  book  has  been  written  with  a  view  to  assist  those  who  desire  to  construct  a  model  airship 
or  flying  machine.  It  contains  five  folding  plates  of  working  drawings,  each  sheet  containing 
a  different  sized  machine.  Much  instruction  and  amusement  can  be  obtained  from  the  making 
and  flying  of  these  models. 

A  short  account  of  the  progress  of  aviation  is  included,  which  will  render  the  book  of  greater 
interest.  Several  illustrations  of  full  sized  airship  and  flying  machines  of  the  latest  types  are 
scattered  throughout  the  text.  This  practical  work  gives  data,  working  drawings,  and  details 
which  will  assist  materially  those  interested  in  the  problems  of  flight.  127  pages,  45  illustra- 
tions, 5  folding  plates.  Price $1.50 

BRAZING  AND  SOLDERING 

BRAZING  AND  SOLDERING.     By  JAMES  F.  HOBART. 

The  only  book  that  shows  you  just  how  to  handle  any  job  of  brazing  or  soldering  that  comes 
tilong;  tells  you  what  mixture  to  use,  how  to  make  a  furnace  if  you  need  one.  Full  of 
valuable  kinks.  The  fifth  edition  of  this  book  has  just  been  published,  and  to  it  much 
new  matter  and  a  large  number  of  tested  formulas  for  all  kinds  of  solders  and  fluxes  have 
been  added.  Illustrated 25  cent* 

CHARTS 

MODERN  SUBMARINE  CHART— WITH  200  PARTS  NUMBERED  AND  NAMED. 

A  cross-section  view,  showing  clearly  and  distinctly  all  the  interior  of  a  Submarine  of  the 
latest  type.  You  get  more  information  from  this  chart,  about  the  construction  and  opera- 
tion of  a  Submarine,  than  in  any  other  way.  No  details  omitted — everything  is  accurate 
and  to  scale.  It  is  absolutely  correct  in  every  detail,  having  been  approved  by  Naval 
Engineers.  All  the  machinery  and  devices  fitted  in  a  modern  Submarine  Boat  are  shown,  and 
to  make  the  engraving  more  readily  understood  all  the  features  are  shown  in  operative  form, 
with  Officers  and  Men  in  the  act  of  performing  the  duties  assigned  to  them  in  service  con- 
ditions. This  CHART  IS  REALLY  AN  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  A  SUBMARINE.  It 
is  educational  and  worth  many  times  its  cost.  Mailed  in  a  Tube  for , 25  cents 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

BOX   CAR   CHART. 

A  chart  showing  the  anatomy  of  a  box  car,  having  every  part  of  the  car  numbered  and  its 
proper  name  given  in  a  reference  list 20  cents 

GONDOLA  CAR   CHART. 

A  chart  showing  the  anatomy  of  a  gondola  car,  having  every  part  of  the  car  numbered  and 
its  proper  reference  name  given  in  a  reference  list '  .  .  20  cents 

PASSENGER   CAR   CHART. 

A  chart  showing  the  anatomy  of  a  passenger  car,  having  every  part  of  the  car  numbered  and 
its  proper  name  given  in  a  reference  list 20  cents 

WESTINGHOUSE   AIR-BRAKE   CHARTS. 

Chart  I. — Shows  (in  colors)  the  most  modern  Westinghouse  High  Speed  and  Signal  Equip- 
ment used  on  Passenger  Engines,  Passenger  Engine  Tenders,  and  Passenger  Cars.  Chart 
II. — Shows  (in  colors)  the  Standard  Westinghouse  Equipment  for  Freight  and  Switch  En- 
gines, Freight  and  Switch  Engine  Tenders,  and  Freight  Cars.  Price  for  the  set  .  50  cents 

TRACTIVE  POWER   CHART. 

A  chart  whereby  you  can  find  the  tractive  power  or  drawbar  pull  of  any  locomotive,  without 
making  a  figure.  Shows  what  cylinders  are  equal,  how  driving  wheels  and  steam  pressure 
affect  the  power.  What  sized  engine  you  need  to  exert  a  given  drawbar  pull  or  anything 
you  desire  in  this  line 50  cents 

HORSE  POWER   CHART. 

Shows  the  horse  power  of  any  stationary  engine  without  calculation.  No  matter  what  the 
cylinder  diameter  of  stroke;  the  steam  pressure  or  cut-off;  the  revolutions,  or  whether  con- 
densing or  non-condensing,  it's  all  there.  Easy  to  use,  accurate,  and  saves  time  and  calcu- 
lations. Especially  useful  to  engineers  and  designers 50  cents 

BOILER  ROOM  CHART.     By  GEO.  L.  FOWLER. 

A  Chart — size  14  x  28  inches — showing  in  isometric  perspective  the  mechanisms  belonging 
in  a  modern  boiler  room.  Water  tube  boilers,  ordinary  grates  and  mechanical  stokers,  feed 
water  heaters  and  pumps  comprise  the  equipment.  The  various  parts  are  shown  broken  or 
removed,  so  that  the  internal  construction  is  fully  illustrated.  Each  part  is  given  a  reference 
number,  and  these,  with  the  corresponding  name,  are  given  in  a  glossary  printed  at  the  sides. 
This  chart  is  really  a  dictionary  of  the  boiler  room — the  names  of  more  than  200  parts  being 
given.  It  is  educational — worth  many  times  its  cost 25  cents 

CIVIL  ENGINEERING 

HENLEY'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  PRACTICAL  ENGINEERING  AND  ALLIED 
TRADES.  Edited  by  JOSEPH  G.  HORNER,  A.  M.  I.  E.  M. 

This  set  of  five  volumes  contains  about  2,500  pages  with  thousands  of  illustrations,  including 
diagrammatic  and  sectional  drawings  with  full  explanatory  details.  This  work  covers  the 
entire  practice  of  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineering.  The  best  known  experts  in  all  branches 
of  engineering  have  contributed  to  these  volumes.  The  Cyclopedia  is  admirably  well  adapted 
to  the  needs  of  the  begipner  and  the  self-taught  practical  man,  as  well  as  the  mechanical  en- 
gineer, designer,  draftsman,  shop  superintendent,  foreman,  and  machinist.  The  work  will  be 
found  a  means  of  advancement  to  any  progressive  man.  It  is  encyclopedic  in  scope,  thorough 
and  practical  in  its  treatment  of  technical  subjects,  simple  and  clear  in  its  descriptive  matter, 
and  without  unnecessary  technicalities  or  formulae.  The, articles  are  as  brief  as  may  be  and 
yet  give  a  reasonably  clear  and  explicit  statement  of  the  subject,  and  are  written  by  men  who 
have  had  ample  practical  experience  in  the  matters  of  which  they  write.  It  tells  you  all  you 
want  to  know  about  engineering  and  tells  it  so  simply,  so  clearly,  so  concisely,  that  one  cannot 
help  but  understand.  As  a  work  of  reference  it  is  withou*  a  peer.  $6.00  per  single  volume. 
For  complete  set  of  five  volumes,  price  $25.00 

COKE 


COKE—MODERN  COKING  PRACTICE;  INCLUDING  THE  ANALYSIS  OF 
MATERIALS  AND  PRODUCTS.  By  T.  H.  BYROM  and  J.  E.  CHRISTOPHER. 

A  handbook  for  those  engaged  in  Coke  manufacture  and  the  recovery  of  By-products.  Fully 
illustrated  with  folding  plates.  It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  authors,  in  preparing  this  book, 
to  produce  one  which  shall  be  of  use  and  benefit  to  those  who  are  associated  with,  or  inter- 
ested in,  the  modern  developments  of  the  industry.  Contents:  I.  Introductory.  II.  Gen* 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

eral  Classification  of  Fuels.  III.  Coal  Washing.  IV.  The  Sampling  and  Valuation  of  Coal, 
Coke,  etc.  V.  The  Calorific  Power  of  Coal  and  Coke.  VI.  Coke  Ovens.  VII.  Coke  Ovens, 
continued.  VIII.  Coke  Ovens,  continued.  IX.  Charging  and  Discharging  of  Coke  Ovens, 
X.  Cooling  and  Condensing  Plant.  XI.  Gas  Exhausters.  XII.  Composition  and  Analysis 
of  Ammoniacal  Liquor.  XIII.  Working-up  of  Ammoniacal  Liquor.  XIV.  Treatment  of 
Waste  Gases  from  Sulphate  Plants.  XV.  Valuation  of  Ammonium  Sulphate.  XVI.  Direct 
Recovery  of  Ammonia  from  Coke  Oven  Gases.  XVII.  Surplus  Gas  from  Coke  Oven.  Use- 
ful Tables.  Very  fully  illustrated.  Price $3. 50  net 

COMPRESSED  AIR 

COMPRESSED  AIR  IN  ALL  ITS  APPLICATIONS.     By  GARDNER  D.  Hiscox. 

This  is  the  most  complete  book  on  the  subject  of  Air  that  has  ever  been  issued,  and  its  thirty- 
five  chapters  include  about  every  phase  of  the  subject  one  can  think  of.  It  may  be  called  an 
encyclopedia  of  compressed  air.  It  is  written  by  an  expert,  who,  in  its  665  pages,  has  dealt 
with  the  subject  in  a  comprehensive  manner,  no  phase  of  it  being  omitted.  Includes  the 
physical  properties  of  air  from  a  vacuum  to  its  highest  pressure,  its  thermodynamics,  com- 
pression, transmission  and  uses  as  a  motive  power;  in  the  Operation  of  Stationary  and  Port- 
able Machinery,  in  Mining.  Air  Tools,  Air  Lifts,  Pumping  of  Water,  Acids,  and  Oils;  the 
Air  Blast  for  Cleaning  and  Painting,  the  Sand  Blast  and  its  Work,  and  the  Numerous  Appli- 
ances in  which  Compressed  Air  is  a  Most  Convenient  and  Economical  Transmitter  of  Power 
for  Mechanical  Work,  Railway  Propulsion,  Refrigeration,  and  the  Various  Uses  to  which 
Compressed  Air  has  been  applied.  Includes  forty-four  tables  of  the  physical  properties  of 
air,  its  compression,  expansion,  and  volumes  required  for  various  kinds  of  work,  and  a  list  of 
patents  on  compressed  air  from  1875  to  date.  Over  500  illustrations,  5th  Edition,  revised  and 
enlarged.  Cloth  bound,  $5.00.  Half  Morocco,  price $6.60 

CONCRETE 

ORNAMENTAL  CONCRETE  WITHOUT  MOLDS.     By  A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

The  process  for  making  ornamental  concrete  without  molds  has  long  been  held  as  a  secret,  and 
now,  for  the  first  time,  this  process  is  given  to  the  public.  The  book  reveals  the  secret  and  is 
the  only  book  published  which  explains  a  simple,  practical  method  whereby  the  concrete  worker 
is  enabled,  by  employing  wood  and  metal  templates  of  different  designs,  to  mold  or  model  in 
concrete  any  Cornice,  Archivolt,  Column,  Pedestal,  Base  Cap,  Urn  or  Pier  in  a  monolithic 
form — right  upon  the  job.  These  may  be  molded  in  units  or  blocks,  and  then  built  up  to  suit  the 
specifications  demanded.  This  work  is  fully  illustrated,  with  detailed  engravings.  Price  $2.00 

CONCRETE  FROM  SAND  MOLDS.     By  A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

A  Practical  Work  treating  on  a  process  which  has  heretofore  been  held  as  a  trade  secret  by 
the  few  who  possessed  it,  and  which  will  successfully  mold  every  and  any  class  of  ornamental 
concrete  work.  The  process  of  molding  concrete  with  sand  molds  is  of  the  utmost  practical 
value,  possessing  the  manifold  advantages  of  a  low  cost  of  molds,  the  ease  and  rapidity  of 
operation,  perfect  details  to  all  ornamental  designs,  density,  and  increased  strength  of  the 
concrete,  perfect  curing  of  the  work  without  attention  and  the  easy  removal  of  the  molds  re- 
gardless of  any  undercutting  the  design  may  have.  192  pages.  Fully  illustrated.  Price  $2.00 

CONCRETE  WALL   FORMS.     By  A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

A  new  automatic  wall  clamp  is  illustrated  with  working  drawings.  Other  types  of  wall 
forms,  clamps,  separators,  etc.,  are  also  illustrated  and  explained 50  cents 

CONCRETE   FLOORS   AND   SIDEWALKS.   By  A.   A.    HOUGHTON. 

The  molds  for  molding  squares,  hexagonal  and  many  other  styles  of  mosaic  floor  and  side- 
walk blocks  are  fully  illustrated  and  explained 50  cents 

PRACTICAL  CONCRETE  SILO  CONSTRUCTION.    By  A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

Complete  working  drawings  and  specifications  are  given  for  several  styles  of  concrete  silos, 
with  illustrations  of  molds  for  monolithic  and  block  silos.  The  tables,  data  and  information 
presented  in  this  book  are  of  the  utmost  value  in  planning  and  constructing  all  forms  of  concrete 
silos 50  cents 

MOLDING  CONCRETE  CHIMNEYS,  SLATE  AND  ROOF  TILES.  By 
A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

The  manufacture  of  all  types  of  concrete  slate  and  roof  tile  is  fully  treated.  Valuable  data 
on  all  forms  of  reinforced  concrete  roofs  are  contained  within  its  pages.  The  construction  of 
concrete  chimneys  by  block  and  monolithic  systems  is  fully  illustrated  and  described.  A 
number  of  ornamental  designs  of  chimney  construction  with  molds  are  shown  in  this  valu- 
able treatise -  .  .  ....  50  cents 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD.  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

MOLDING  AND    CURING   ORNAMENTAL   CONCRETE.     By  A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

The  proper  proportions  of  cement  and  aggregates  for  various  finishes,  also  the  methods  of 
thoroughly  mixing  and  placing  in  the  molds,  are  fully  treated.  An  exhaustive  treatise  on  this 
subject  that  every  concrete  worker  will  find  of  daily  use  and  value.  ....  50  cents 

CONCRETE  MONUMENTS,  MAUSOLEUMS    AND  BURIAL  VAULTS.      By  A.  A. 

HOUGHTON. 

The  molding  of  concrete  monuments  to  imitate  the  most  expensive  cut  stone  is  explained  in 

this  treatise,  with  working  drawings  of  easily  built  molds.      Cutting  inscriptions  and  designs 

is  also  fully  treated .50  cenis 

MOLDING  CONCRETE  BATH  TUBS,  AQUARIUMS  AND  NATATORIUMS. 
By  A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

Simple  molds  and  instruction  are  given  for  molding  many  styles  of  concrete  bath  tubs, 
swimming  pools,  etc.  These  molds  are  easily  built  and  permit  rapid  and  successful 
work 50  cents 

CONCRETE  BRIDGES,  CULVERTS  AND  SEWERS.     By  A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

A  number  of  ornamental  concrete  bridges  with  illustrations  of  molds  are  given.  A  collapsible 
center  or  core  for  bridges,  culverts  and  sewers  is  fully  illustrated  with  detailed  instructions  for 
building  .  .  »  50  cents 

CONSTRUCTING    CONCRETE   PORCHES.     By  A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

A  number  of  designs  with  working  drawings  of  molds  are  fully  explained  so  any  one  can  easily 
construct  different  styles  of  ornamental  concrete  porches  without  the  purchase  of  expensive 
molds 50  cents 

MOLDING  CONCRETE  FLOWER  POTS,  BOXES,  JARDINIERES,  ETC.  By 
A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

The  molds  for  producing1  many  original  designs  of  flower  pots,  urns,  flower  boxes,  jardinieres, 
etc.,  are  fully  illustrated  and  explained,  so  the  worker  can  easily  construct  and  operate 
same 50  cents 

MOLDING  CONCRETE  FOUNTAINS  AND  LAWN  ORNAMENTS.  By 
A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

The  molding  of  a  number  of  designs  of  lawn  seats,  curbing,  hitching  posts,  pergolas,  sun  dials 
and  other  forms  of  ornamental  concrete  for  the  ornamentation  of  lawns  and  gardens,  ia 
fully  illustrated  and  described 50  cents 

CONCRETE  FOR  THE  FARM  AND  SHOP.  By  A.  A.  HOUGHTON. 

The  molding  of  drain  tile,  tanks,  cisterns,  fence  posts,  stable  floors,  hog  and  poultry  houses 
and  all  the  purposes  for  which  concrete  is  an  invaluable  aid  to  the  farmer  are  numbered 
among  the  contents  of  this  handy  volume 50  cents 

POPULAR  HANDBOOK  FOR  CEMENT  AND  CONCRETE  USERS.  By  MYRON 
H.  LEWIS, 

This  is  a  concise  treatise  of  the  principles  and  methods  employed  in  the  manufacture  and  use 
of  cement  in  all  classes  of  modern  works.  The  author  has  brought  together  in  this  work  all 
the  salient  matter  of  interest  to  the  user  of  concrete  and  its  many  diversified  products.  The 
matter  is  presented  in  logical  and  systematic  order,  clearly  written,  fully  illustrated  and  free 
from  involved  mathematics.  Everything  of  value  to  the  concrete  user  is  given  including  kinds 
of  cement  employed  in  construction,  concrete  architecture,  inspection  and  testing,  water- 
proofing, coloring  and  painting,  rules,  tables,  working,  and  cost  data.  The  book  comprises 
thirty-three  chapters,  as  follows: 

Introductory.  Kinds  of  Cements  and  How  They  are  Made.  Properties,  Testing  and 
Requirements  of  Hydraulic  Cement.  Concrete  and  its  Properties.  Sand,  Broken  Stone  and 
Gravel  for  Concrete.  How  to  Proportion  the  Materials.  How  to  Mix  and  Place  Concrete. 
Forms  for  Concrete  Construction.  The  Architectural  and  Artistic  Possibilities  of  Concrete. 
Concrete  Residences.  Mortars,  Plasters  and  Stucco  and  How  to  Use  Them.  The  Artistic 
Treatment  of  Concrete  Surfaces.  Concrete  Building  Blocks.  The  Making  of  Ornamental 
Concrete.  Concrete  Pipes,  Fences,  Posts,  Etc.  Essential  Features  and  Advantages  of  Reen- 
forced  Concrete.  How  to  Design  Reenforced  Concrete  Beams,  Slabs  and  Columns.  Ex- 

glanations  of  the  Methods  and  Principles  in   Designing  Reenforced  Concrete  Beams  and 
labs.    Systems  of  Keenforcement  Employed.    Reenforced  Concrete  in  Factory  and  General 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

Building  Construction.  Concrete  in  Foundation  Work.  Concrete  Retaining  Walls,  Abut- 
ments, and  Bulkheads.  Concrete  Arches  and  Arch  Bridges.  Concrete  Beam  and  Girder 
Bridges.  Concrete  in  Sewerage  and  Drainage  Works.  Concrete  Tanks,  Dams  and  Reser- 
voirs. Concrete  Sidewalks,  Curbs  and  Pavements.  Concrete  in  Railroad  Constructions. 
The  Utility  of  Concrete  on  the  Farm.  The  Waterproofing  of  Concrete  Structure.  Grout 
or  Liquid  Concrete  and  Its  Use.  Inspection  of  Concrete  Work.  Cost  of  Concrete  Work. 
Some  of  the  special  features  of  the  book  are:  1.  The  Attention  Paid  to  the  Artistic  and 
Architectural  Side  of  Concrete  Work.  2.  The  Authoritative  Treatment  of  the  Problem 
of  Waterproofing  Concrete.  3.  An  Excellent  Summary  of  the  Rules  to  be  Followed  in 
Concrete  Construction.  4.  The  Valuable  Cost  Data  and  Useful  Tables  given.  A  valuable 
Addition  to  the  Library  of  Every  Cement  and  Concrete  User.  Price $2.50 

WATERPROOFING  CONCRETE.     By  MYRON  H.  LEWIS. 

Modern  Methods  of  Waterproofing  Concrete  and  Other  Structures.  A  condensed  statement 
of  the  Principles,  Rules,  and  Precautions  to  be  Observed  in  Waterproofing  and  Damp- 
proofing  Structures  and  Structural  Materials.  Paper  binding.  Illustrated.  Price ..  50  cents 

DICTIONARIES 

STANDARD  ELECTRICAL  DICTIONARY.     By  T.  O'CoNOR  SLOANE. 

An  indispensable  work  to  all  interested  in  electrical  science.  Suitable  alike  for  the  student 
and  professional.  A  practical  hand-book  of  reference  containing  definitions  of  about  5,000 
distinct  words,  terms  and  phrases.  The  definitions  are  terse  and  concise  and  include  every 
term  used  in  electrical  science.  Recently  issued.  An  entirely  new  edition.  Should  be  in 
the  possession  of  all  who  desire  to  keep  abreast  with  the  progress  of  this  branch  of  science. 
Complete,  concise  and  convenient.  682  pages.  393  illustrations.  Price  ....  $3.00 

DIES— METAL  WORK 

DIES:  THEIR  CONSTRUCTION  AND  USE  FOR  THE  MODERN  WORKING  OF 
SHEET  METALS.  By  J.  V.  WOOD  WORTH. 

A  most  useful  book,  and  one  which  should  be  in  the  hands  of  all  engaged  in  the  press  working 
of  metals;  treating  on  the  Designing,  Constructing,  and  Use  of  Tools,  Fixtures  and  Devices, 
together  with  the  manner  in  which  they  should  be  used  in  the  Power  Press,  for  the  cheap  and 
rapid  production  of  the  great  variety  of  sheet  metal  articles  now  in  use.  It  is  designed  as  a 
guide  to  the  production  of  sheet  metal  parts  at  the  minimum  of  cost  with  the  maximum  of 
output.  The  hardening  and  tempering  of  Press  tools  and  the  classes  of  work  which  may  be 
produced  to  the  best  advantage  by  the  use  of  dies  in  the  power  press  are  fully  treated.  Its 
505  illustrations  show  dies,  press  fixtures  and  sheet  metal  working  devices,  the  descriptions 
of  which  are  so  clear  and  practical  that  all  metal-working  mechanic's  will  be  able  to  understand 
how  to  design,  construct  and  use  them.  Many  of  the  dies  and  press  fixtures  treated  were 
either  constructed  by  the  author  or  under  his  supervision.  Others  were  built  by  skilful 
mechanics  and  are  in  use  in  large  sheet  metal  establishments  and  machine  shops.  Price  $3.00 

PUNCHES,  DIES  ANL-  TOOLS  FOR  MANUFACTURING  IN  PRESSES.     By  J.  V. 

WOODWORTH. 

This  work  is  a  companion  volume  to  the  author's  elementary  work  entitled  "Dies,  Their 
Construction  and  Use."  It  does  not  go  into  the  details  of  die  making  to  the  extent  of  the 
author's  previous  book,  but  gives  a  comprehensive  review  of  the  field  of  operations  carried  on 
by  presses.  A  large  part  of  the  information  given  has  been  drawn  from  the  author's  personal 
experience.  .  It  might  well  be  termed  an  Encyc^pedia  of  Die  Making,  Punch  Making,  Die 
Sinking,  Sheet  Metal  Working,  and  Making  of  Special  Tools,  Sub-presses,  Devices  and  Mechani- 
cal Combinations  for  Punching,  Cutting,  Bending,  Forming,  Piercing,  Drawing,  Compressing 
and  Assembling  Sheet  Metal  Parts,  and  also  Articles  of  other  Materials  in  Machine  Tools. 
2d  Edition.  Price $4.00 

DROP  FORGING,  DIE  SINKING  AND  MACHINE  FORMING  OF  STEEL.      By  J.  V. 

WOODWORTH. 

This  is  a  practical  treatise  on  Modern  Shop  Practice,  Processes,  Methods,  Machines,  Tools, 
and  Details,  treating  on  the  Hot  and  Cold  Machine- Forming  of  Steel  and  Iron  into  Finished 
shapes;  Together  with  Tools,  Dies,  and  Machinery  involved  in  the  manufacture  of  Duplicate 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

Forgings  and  Interchangeable  Hot  and  Cold  Pressed  Parts  from  Bar  and  Sheet  Metal. 
This  book  fills  a  demand  of  long  standing  for  information  regarding  drop  forging,  die-sinking 
and  machine  forming  of  steel  and  the  shop  practice  involved,  as  it  actually  exists  in  the 
modern  drop  forging  shop.  The  processes  of  die-sinking  and  force-making,  which  are  thor- 
oughly described  and  illustrated  hi  this  admirable  work,  are  rarely  to  De  found  explained  in 
such  a  clear  and  concise  manner  as  is  here  set  forth.  The  process  of  die-sinking  relates  to 
the  engraving  or  sinking  of  the  female  or  lower  dies,  such  as  are  used  for  drop  forgings,  hot 
and  cold  machine  forging,  swedging  and  the  press  working  of  metals.  The  process  of  force- 
making  relates  to  the  engraving  or  raising  of  the  male  or  upper  dies  used  in  producing  the 
lower  dies  for  the  press-forming  and  machine-fprging  of  duplicate  parts  of  metal. 

In  addition  to  the  arts  above  mentioned  the  book  contains  explicit  information  regarding 
the  drop  forging  and  hardening  plants,  designs,  conditions,  equipment,  drop  hammers, 
forging  machines,  etc.,  machine  forging,  hydraulic  forging,  autogenous  welding  and  shop 
practice.  The  book  contains  eleven  chapters,  and  the  information  contained  in  these  chapters 
is  just  what  will  prove  most  valuable  to  the  forged  metal  worker.  All  operations  described 
in  the  work  are  thoroughly  illustrated  by  means  of  perspective  half-tones  and  outline  sketches 
of  the  machinery  employed.  300  detailed  illustrations.  Price $2.50 

DRAWING— SKETCHING    PAPER 

LINEAR  PERSPECTIVE   SELF-TAUGHT.     By  HERMAN  T.  C.  KRAUS. 

This  work  gives  the  theory  and  practice  of  linear  perspective,  as  used  in  architectural,  engi- 
neering, and  mechanical  drawings.  Persons  taking  up  the  study  of  the  subject  by  themselves 
will  be  able  by  the  use  of  the  instruction  given  to  readily  grasp  the  subject,  and  by  reason- 
able practice  become  good  perspective  draftsmen.  The  arrangement  of  the  book  is  good ; 
the  plate  is  on  the  left-hand,  while  the  descriptive  text  follows  on  the  opposite  page,  so  as  to 
be  readily  referred  to.  The  drawings  are  on  sufficiently  large  scale  to  show  the  work  clearly 
and  are  plainly  figured.  The  whole  work  makes  a  very  complete  course  on  perspective  draw- 
ing, and  will  be  found  of  great  value  to  architects,  civil  and  mechanical  engineers,  patent 
attorneys,  art  designers,  engravers,  and  draftsmen $2.50 

PRACTICAL  PERSPECTIVE.     By  RICHARDS  and  COLVIN. 

Shows  just  how  to  make  all  kinds  of  mechanical  drawings  in  the  only  practical  perspective 
isometric.  Makes  everything  plain  so  that  any  mechanic  can  understand  a  sketch  or  drawing 
in  this  way.  Saves  time  in  the  drawing  room,  and  mistakes  in  the  shops.  Contains  practical 
examples  of  various  classes  of  work.  3rd  Edition 50  cents 

SELF-TAUGHT  MECHANICAL  DRAWING  AND  ELEMENTARY  MACHINE 
DESIGN.  By  F-  L.  SYLVESTER,  M.E.,  Draftsman,  with  additions  by  ERIK  OBERQ, 
associate  editor  of  "Machinery." 

This  is  a  practical  treatise  on  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Machine  Design,  comprising  the 
first  principles  of  geometric  and  mechanical  drawing,  workshop  mathematics,  mechanics, 
strength  of  materials  and  the  calculations  and  design  of  machine  details.  The  author's 
aim  has  been  to  adapt  this  treatise  to  the  requirements  of  the  practical  mechanic  and  young 
draftsman  and  to  present  the  matter  in  as  clear  and  concise  a  manner  as  possible.  To 
meet  the  demands  of  this  class  of  students,  practically  all  the  important  elements  of  machine 
design  have  been  dealt  with,  and  in  addition  algebraic  formulas  have  been  explained,  and 
the  elements  of  trigonometry  treated  in  the  manner  best  suited  to  the  needs  of  the  prac- 
tical man.  The  book  is  divided  into  20  chapters,  and  in  arranging  the  material,  mechan- 
ical drawing,  pure  and  simple,  has  been  taken  up  first,  as  a  thorough  understanding  of  the 
principles  of  representing  objects  facilitates  the  further  study  of  mechanical  subjects.  This 
is  followed  by  the  mathematics  necessary  for  the  solution  of  the  problems  in  machine  de- 
sign which  are  presented  later,  and  a  practical  introduction  to  theoretical  mechanics  and 
the  strength  of  materials.  The  various  elements  entering  into  machine  design,  such  as  cams, 
gears,  sprocket  wheels,  cone  pulleys,  bolts,  screws,  couplings,  clutches,  shafting  and  fly- 
wheels have  been  treated  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  possible  the  use  of  the  work  as  a  text- 
book for  a  continuous  course  of  study.  It  is  easily  comprehended  and  assimilated  even  by 
students  of  limited  previous  training.  330  pages,  215  engravings.  Price.  .  .  .  $2.00 

A  NEW  SKETCHING  PAPER. 

A  new  specially  ruled  paper  to  enable  you  to  make  sketches  or  drawings  in  isometric  perspective 
without  any  figuring  or  fussing.  It  is  being  used  for  shop  details  as  well  as  for  assembly 
drawings,  as  it  makes  one  sketch  do  the  work  of  three,  and  no  workman  can  help  seeing  just 
what  is  wanted.  Pads  of  40  sheets,  6x9  inches,  25  cents.  Pads  of  40  sheets,  9x12  inches 
50  cents ;  ^ sheets,  12x18,  Price 1  •  •  tl-OO 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

ELECTRICITY 

ARITHMETIC  OF  ELECTRICITY.     By  Prof.  T.  O'CoNOR  SLOANS. 

A  practical  treatise  on  electrical  calculations  of  all  kinds  reduced  to  a  series  of  rules,  all  of  the 
simplest  forms,  and  involving  only  ordinary  arithmetic;  each  rule  illustrated  by  one  or  more 
practical  problems,  with  detailed  solution  of  each  one.  This  book  is  classed  among  the  most 
useful  works  published  on  the  science  of  electricity  covering  as  it  does  the  mathematics  of 
electricity  in  a  manner  that  will  attract  the  attention  of  those  who  are  not  familiar  with  alge- 
braical formulas.  20th  Edition.  160  pages.  Price $1.00 

COMMUTATOR  CONSTRUCTION.     By  WM.  BAXTER,  JR. 

The  business  end  of  any  dynamo  or  motor  of  the  direct  current  type  is  the  commutator.  This 
book  goes  into  the  designing,  building,  and  maintenance  of  commutators,  shows  how  to  locate 
troubles  and  how  to  remedy  them;  everyone  who  fusses  with  dynamos  needs  this.  25  cents 

DYNAMO  BUILDING  FOR  AMATEURS,  OR  HOW  TO  CONSTRUCT  A  FIFTY-WATT 
DYNAMO.  By  ARTHUR  J.  WEED,  Member  of  N.  Y.  Electrical  Society. 

A  practical  treatise  showing  in  detail  the  construction  of  a  small  dynamo  or  motor,  the  entire 
machine  work  of  which  can  be  done  on  a  small  foot  lathe.  Dimensioned  working  drawings 
are  given  for  each  piece  of  machine  work  and  each  operation  is  clearly  described.  This 
machine,  when  used  as  a  dynamo,  has  an  output  of  fifty  watts;  when  used  as  a  motor  it  will 
drive  a  small  drill  press  or  lathe.  It  can  be  used  to  drive  a  sewing  machine  on  any  and  all 
ordinary  work.  The  book  is  illustrated  with  more  than  sixty  original  engravings  showing 
the  actual  construction  of  the  different  parts.  Among  the  contents  are  chapters  on  1 .  Fifty 
Watt  Dynamo.  2.  Side  Bearing  Rods.  3.  Field  Punchings.  4.  Bearings.  5.  Commu- 
tator. 6.  Pulley.  7.  Brush  Holders.  8.  Connection  Board.  9.  Armature  Shaft.  10. 
Armature.  11.  Armature  Winding.  12.  Field  Winding.  13.  Connecting  and  Starting. 
Price,  paper,  50  cents.  Cloth $1.00 

ELECTRIC  FURNACES  AND  THEIR  INDUSTRIAL  APPLICATIONS.   By  J.  WRIGHT 

This  is  a  book  which  will  prove  of  interest  to  many  classes  of  people;  the  manufacturer  who 
desires  to  know  what  product  can  be  manufactured  successfully  in  the  electric  furnace,  the 
chemist  who  wishes  to  post  himself  on  the  electro-chemistry,  and  the  student  of  science  who 
merely  looks  into  the  subject  from  curiosity.  The  book  is  not  so  scientific  as  to  be  of  use 
only  to  the  technologist,  nor  so  unscientific  as  to  suit  only  the  tyro  in  electro-chemistry;  it 
is  a  practical  treatise  of  what  has  been  done,  and  of  what  is  being  done,  both  experimentally 
and  commercially  with  the  electric  furnace. 

In  important  processes  not  only  are  the  chemical  equations  given,  but  complete  thermal  data 
are  set  forth  and  both  the  efficiency  of  the  furnace  and  the  cost  of  the  product  are  worked 
out,  thus  giving  the  work  a  solid  commercial  value  aside  from  its  efficacy  as  a  work  of  reference. 
The  practical  features  of  furnace  building  are  given  the  space  that  the  subject  deserves.  The 
forms  and  refractory  materials  used  in  the  linings,  the  arrangement  of  the  connections  to  the 
electrodes,  and  other  important  details  are  explained.  288  pages.  New  Revised  Edition. 
Fully  illustrated.  Price $3.00 

ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  AND  HEATING  POCKET  BOOK.     By  SYDNEY  F.  WALKER. 

This  book  puts  in  convenient  form  useful  information  regarding  the  apparatus  which  is  likely 
to  be  attached  to  the  mains  of  an  electrical  company.  Tables  of  units  and  equivalents  are 
included  and  useful  electrical  laws  and  formulas  are  stated. 

One  section  is  devoted  to  dynamos,  motors,  transformers  and  accessory  apparatus;  another 
to  accumulators,  another  to  switchboards  and  related  equipment,  a  fourtn  to  a  description 
of  various  systems  of  distribution,  a  fifth  section  to  a  discussion  of  instruments,  both  for 
portable  use  and  switchboards;  another  section  deals  with  electric  lamps  of  various  types 
and  accessory  appliances,  and  the  concluding  section  is  given  up  to  electric  heating  apparatus. 
In  each  section  a  large  number  of  commercial  types  are  described,  frequent  tables  of  dimen- 
sions being  included.  A  great  deal  of  detail  information  of  each  line  of  apparatus  is  given 
and  the  illustrations  shown  give  a  good  idea  of  the  general  appearance  of  the  apparatus  under 
discussion.  The  book  also  contains  much  valuable  information  for  the  central  station  engi- 
neer. 438  pages.  300  engravings.  Bound  in  leather  pocket  book  form.  Price  .  $3.00 

ELECTRIC  WIRING,  DIAGRAMS  AND  SWITCHBOARDS.  By  NEWTON  HARRISON. 

A  thoroughly  practical  treatise  covering  the  subject  of  Electric  Wiring  in  all  its  branches, 
including  explanations  and  diagrams  which  are  thoroughly  explicit  and  greatly  simplify 
the  subject.  Practical  every-day  problems  in  wiring  are  presented  and  the  method  of 
obtaining  intelligent  results  clearly  shown.  Only  arithmetic  is  used.  Ohm's  law  is  given 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

a  simple  explanation  with  reference  to  wiring  for  direct  and  alternating  currents.  The  funda- 
mental principle  of  drop  of  potential  in  circuits  is  shown  with  its  various  applications.  The 
simple  circuit  is  developed  with  the  position  of  mains,  feeders  and  branches;  their  treat- 
ment as  a  part  of  a  wiring  plan  and  their  employment  in  house-wiring  clearly  illustrated 
Some  simple  facts  about  testing  are  included  in  connection  with  the  wiring.  Molding 
and  conduit  work  are  given  careful  consideration;  and  switchboards  are  systematically 
treated,  built  up  and  illustrated,  showing  the  purpose  they  serve,  for  connection  with  the 
circuits,  and  to  shunt  and  compound  wound  machines.  The  simple  principles  of  switchboard 
construction,  the  development  of  the  switchboard,  the  connections  of  the  various  instru- 
ments including  the  lightning  arrester,  are  also  plainly  set  forth. 

Alternating  current  wiring  is  treated,  with  explanations  of  the  power  factor,  conditions 
calling  for  various  sizes  of  wire  and  a  simple  way  of  obtaining  the  sizes  for  single-phase,  two- 
phase  and  three-phase  circuits.  This  is  the  only  complete  work  issued  showing  and  telling 
you  what  you  should  know  about  direct  and  alternating  current  wiring.  It  is  a  ready  refer- 
ence. The  work  is  free  from  advanced  technicalities  and  mathematics,  arithmetic  being  used 
throughout.  It  is  in  every  respect  a  handy,  well-written,  instructive,  comprehensive 
volume  on  wiring  for  the  wireman,  foreman,  contractor,  or  electrician.  272  pages;  105  illus- 
trations. Price $1.50 

ELECTRIC  TOY  MAKING,  DYNAMO  BUILDING,  AND  ELECTRIC  MOTOR  CON- 
STRUCTION.  By  Prof.  T.  O'CoNOR  SLOANE. 

This  work  treats  of  the  making  at  home  of  electrical  toys,  electrical  apparatus,  motors,  dynamos 
and  instruments  in  general,  and  is  designed  to  bring  within  the  reach  of  young  and  old  the 
manufacture  of  genuine  and  useful  electrical  appliances.  The  work  is  especially  designed  for 
amateurs  and  young  folks. 

Thousands  of  our  young  people  are  daily  experimenting,  and  busily  engaged  in  making  electrical 
toys  and  apparatus  of  various  kinds.  The  present  work  is  just  what  is  wanted  to  give  the 
much  needed  information  in  a  plain,  practical  manner,  with  illustrations  to  make  easy  the 
carrying  out  of  the  work.  19th  Edition.  Price $1.00 

ELECTRICIAN'S  HANDY  BOOK.     By  Prof.  T.  O'CONOR  SLOANE. 

This  work  of  768  pages  is  intended  for  the  practical  electrician  who  has  to  make  things  go. 
The  entire  field  of  electricity  is  covered  within  its  pages.  Among  some  of  the  subjects  treated 
are:  The  Theory  of  the  Electric  Current  and  Circuit,  Electro-Chemistry,  Primary  Batteries, 
Storage  Batteries,  Generation  and  Utilization  of  Electric  Powers,  Alternating  Current,  Arma- 
ture Winding,  Dynamos  and  Motors,  Motor  Generators,  Operation  of  the  Central  Station 
Switchboards,  Safety  Appliances,  Distribution  of  Electric  Light  and  Power,  Street  Mains, 
Transformers,  Arc  and  Incandescent  Lighting,  Electric  Measurements,  Photometry,  Electric 
Railways,  Telephony,  Bell-Wiring,  Electro-Plating,  Electric  Heating,  Wireless  Telegraphy,  etc. 
It  contains  no  useless  theory;  eyery thing  is  to  the  point.  It  teaches  you  just  what  you  want 
to  know  about  electricity.  It  is  the  standard  work  published  on  the  subject.  Forty-9ne 
chapters,  610  engravings,  handsomely  bound  in  red  leather  with  title  and  edges  in  gold.  Price: 

$3.50 

ELECTRICITY  IN  FACTORIES  AND  WORKSHOPS,  ITS  COST  AND  CONVENIENCE. 
By  ARTHUR  P.  HASLAM. 

A  practical  book  for  power  producers  and  power  users  showing  what  a  convenience  the  electric 
motor,  in  its  various  forms,  has  become  to  the  modern  manufacturer.  It  also  deals  with  the 
conditions  which  determine  the  cost  of  electric  driving,  and  compares  this  with  other  methods 
of  producing  and  utilizing  power. 

Among  the  chapters  contained  in  the  book  are:  The  Direct  Current  Motor;  The  Alternating 
Current  Motor;  The  Starting  and  Speed  Regulation  of  Electric  Motors;  The  Rating  and 
Efficiency  of  Electric  Motors;  The  Cost  of  Energy  as  Affected  by  Conditions  of  Working,  The 
Question  for  the  Small  Power  User;  Independent  Generating  Plants;  Oil  and  Gas  Engine 
Plants;  Steam  Plants;  Power  Station  Tariff s ;  The  Use  of  Electric  Power  in  Textile  Factories ; 
Electric  Power  in  Printing  Works;  The  Use  of  Electric  Power  in  Engineering  Workshops 
Miscellaneous  Application  of  Electric  Power;  The  Installation  of  Electric  Motors;  The  Lighting 
of  Industrial  Establishments.  312  pages.  Very  fully  illustrated.  Price  ....  $2.50 

ELECTRICITY  SIMPLIFIED.     By  Prof.  T.  O'CoNOR  SLOANE. 

The  object  of  "Electricity  Simplified"  is  to  make  the  subject  as  plain  as  possible  and  to  show 
what  the  modern  conception  of  electricity  is;  to  show  how  two  plates  of  different  metals 
immersed  in  acid  can  send  a  message  around  the  globe;  to  explain  how  a  bundle  of  copper  wire 
rotated  by  a  steam  engine  can  be  the  agent  in  lighting  our  streets,  to  tell  what  the  volt,  ohm 
and  ampere  are,  and  what  high  and  low  tension  mean;  and  to  answer  the  questions  that 
perpetually  arise  in  the  mind  in  this  age  of  electricity.  172  pages.  Illustrated.  Price  $  l.OO 

10 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 


HOUSE  WIRING.     By  THOMAS  W.  POPPE. 

This  work  describes  and  illustrates  the  actual  installation  of  Electric  Light  Wiring,  the  manner 
in  which  the  work  should  be  done,  and  the  method  of  doing  it.  The  book  can  be  conveniently 
carried  in  the  pocket.  It  is  intended  for  the  Electrician,  Helper  and  Apprentice.  It 
solves  all  Wiring  Problems,  and  contains  nothing  that  conflicts  with  the  rulings  of  the  Nation- 
al Board  of  Fire  Lnderwriters.  It  gives  just  the  information  essential  to  the  Successful 
Wiring  of  a  Building.  Among  the  subjects  treated  are:  Locating  the  Meter.  Panel  Boards. 
Switches.  Plug  Receptacles.  Bracuets.  Ceiling  Fixtures.  The  Meter  Connections.  The 
Feed  Wires.  The  Steel  Armored  Cable  System.  The  Flexible  Steel  Conduit  System.  The 
Kidig  Conduit  System.  A  digest  of  the  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters'  rules  relating 
to  metallic  wiring  systems.  Various  switching  arrangements  explained  and  diagrammed. 
The  easiest  method  of  testing  the  Three  and  Four-way  circuits  explained.  The  grounding 
of  all  metallic  wiring  systems  and  the  reason  for  doing  so  shown  and  explained.  The  in- 
sulation of  the  metal  parts  of  lamp  fixtures  and  the  reason  for  the  same  described  and 
illustrated.  125  pages.  Fully  illustrated.  Flexible  cloth.  Price 50  cents 

HOW  TO  BECOME  A  SUCCESSFUL  ELECTRICIAN-  By  Prof.  T.  O'CoxoR  SLOANE. 

Every  young  man  who  wishes  to  become  a  successful  electrician  should  read  this  book.  It  tells 
in  simple  language  the  surest  and  easiest  way  to  become  a  successful  electrician.  The  studies 
to  be  followed,  methods  of  work,  field  of  operation  and  the  requirements  of  the  successful 
electrician  are  pointed  out  and  fully  explained.  Every  young  engineer  will  find  this  an  ex- 
cellent stepping-stone  to  more  advanced  works  on  electricity  which  he  must  master  before 
success  can  be  attained.  Many  young  men  become  discouraged  at  the  very  outstart  bv 
attempting  to  read  and  study  books  that  are  far  beyond  their  comprehension.  This  book 
serves  as  the  connecting  link  between  the  rudiments  taught  in  the  public  schools  and  the  real 
study  of  electricity.  It  is  interesting  from  cover  to  cover.  Fifteenth  edition.  202  pages. 
Illustrated.  Price  $1.00 

MANAGEMENT   OF  DYNAMOS.     By  LUMMIS-PATERSON. 

A  handbook  of  theory  and  practice.  This  work  is  arranged  in  three  parts.  The  first  part 
covers  the  elementary  theory  of  the  dynamo.  The  second  part,  the  construction  and  action 
of  the  different  classes  of  dynamos  in  common  use  are  described;  while  the  third  part  relates 
to  such  matters  as  affect  the  practical  management  and  working  of  dynamos  and  motors. 
The  following  chapters  are  contained  in  the  book:  Electrical  Units;  Magnetic  Principles; 
Theory  of  the  Dynamo;  Armature;  Armature  in  Practice;  Field  Magnets;  Field  Magnets  in 
Practice;  Regulating  Dynamos;  Coupling  Dynamos;  Installation,  Running,  and  Maintenance 
Df  Dynamos;  Faults  in  Dyn-mos;  Faults  in  Armatures;  Motors.  292  pages.  117  illustra- 
tions. Price $1.50 

STANDARD  ELECTRICAL  DICTIONARY.     By  T.  O'CoNOR  SLOANE. 

An  indispensable  work  to  all  interested  in  electrical  science.  Suitable  alike  for  the  student 
and  professional.  A  practical  hand-book  of  reference  containing  definitions  of  about  5,000 
distinct  words,  terms  and  phrases.  The  definitions  are  terse  and  concise  and  include  every 
term  used  in  electrical  science.  Recently  issued.  An  entirely  new  edition.  Should  be  in  the 
possession  of  all  who  desire  to  keep  abreast  with  the  progesss  of  this  branch  of  science.  In 
its  arrangement  and  typography  the  book  is  very  convenient.  The  word  or  term  defined  is 
printed  in  black-faced  type  which  readily  catches  the  eye,  while  the  body  of  the  page  is  In 
smaller  but  distinct  type.  The  definitions  are  well  worded,  and  so  as  to  be  understood  by 
the  non-technical  reader.  The  general  plan  seems  to  be  to  give  an  exact,  concise  definition, 
and  then  amplify  and  explain  in  a  more  popular  way.  Synonyms  are  also  given,  and  refer- 
ences to  other  words  and  phrases  are  made.  A  very  complete  and  accurate  index  of  fifty 
pages  is  at  the  end  of  the  volume;  and  as  this  index  contains  all  synonyms,  and  as  all  phrases 
are  indexed  in  every  reasonable  combination  of  words,  reference  to  the  proper  place  in  the 
body  of  the  book  is  readily  made.  It  is  difficult  to  decide  how  far  a  book  of  this  character 
is  to  keep  the  dictionary  form,  and  to  what  extent  it  may  assume  the  encyclopedia  form. 
For  some  purposes,  concise,  exactly  worded  definitions  are  needed ;  for  other  purposes,  more 
extended  descriptions  are  required.  This  book  seeks  to  satisfy  both  demands,  and  does  it 
with  considerable  success.  Complete,  concise,  and  convenient.  682  pages.  393  illustra- 
tions. Twelfth  edition.  Price $3.00 

SWITCHBOARDS.     By  WILLIAM  BAXTER,  JR. 

This  book  appeals  to  every  engineer  and  electrician  who  wants  to  know  the  practical  side  of 
things.  It  takes  up  all  sorts  and  conditions  of  dynamos,  connections  and  circuits  and  shows 
by  diagram  and  illustration  just  how  the  switchboard  should  be  connected.  Includes  direct 
and  alternating  current  boards,  also  those  for  arc  lighting,  incandescent,  and  power  circuits. 
Special  treatment  on  high  voltage  boards  for  power  transmission.  2d  Edition.  190  pages. 
Illustrated.  Price $1.50 

II 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

TELEPHONE  CONSTRUCTION,  INSTALLATION,  WIRING,  OPERATION  AND 
MAINTENANCE.  By  W.  H.  RADCLIFFE  and  H.  C.  GUSHING. 

This  book  gives  the  principles  of  construction  gnd  operation  of  both  the  Bell  and  Independent 
instruments;  approved  methods  of  installing  and  wiring  them;  the  means  of  protecting  them 
from  lightning  and  abnormal  currents;  their  connection  together  for  operation  as  series  or 
bridging  stations ;  and  rules  for  their  inspection  and  maintenance.  Line  wiring  and  the  wir- 
ing and  operation  of  special  telephone  systems  are  also  treated. 

Intricate  mathematics  are  avoided,  and  all  apparatus,  circuits  and  systems  are  thoroughly 
described.  The  appendix  contains  definitions  of  units  and  terms  used  in  the  text.  Selected 
wiring  tables,  which  are  very  helpful,  are  also  included.  Among  the  subjects  treated  are 
Construction,  Operation,  and  installation  of  Telephone  Instruments,  Inspection  and  M  ain- 
tenance  of  Telephone  Instruments;  Telephone  Line  Wiring;  Testing  Telephone  Line  Wires 
and  Cables;  Wiring  and  Operation  of  Special  Telephone  Systems,  etc.  100  pages,  125  illus- 
trations  $1.00 

WIRELESS  TELEGRAPHY  AND  TELEPHONY  SIMPLY  EXPLAINED. 
BY  ALFRED  P.  MORGAN. 

This  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  complete  and  comprehensible  treatises  on  the  subject 
ever  published,  and  a  close  study  of  its  pages  will  enable  one  to  master  all  the  details  of  the 
wireless  transmission  of  messages.  The  author  has  filled  a  long  felt  want  and  has  succeeded 
in  furnishing  a  lucid,  comprehensible  explanation  in  simple  language  of  the  theory  and 
practice  of  wireless  telegraphy  and  telephony. 

Among  the  contents  are:  Introductory;  Wireless  Transmission  and  Reception — The 
Aerial  System,  Earth  Connections — The  Transmitting  Apparatus,  Spark  Coils  and  Trans- 
formers, Condensers,  Helixes,  Spark  Gaps,  Anchor  Gaps,  Aerial  Switches — The  Receiving 
Apparatus,  Detectors,  etc. — Tuning  and  Coupling,  Tuning  Coils,  Loose  Couplers,  Variable 
Condensers,  Directive  Wave  Systems — Miscellaneous  Apparatus,  Telephone  Receivers, 
Range  of  Stations,  Static,  Interference — Wireless  Telephones,  Sound  and  Sound  Waves,  The 
Vocal  Cords  and  Ear — Wireless  Telephones,  How  Sounds  are  changed  into  Electric  Waves — 
Wireless  Telephones,  The  Apparatus — Summary.  200  pages.  150  engravings.  Price  $1.00 

WIRELESS  TELEPHONES  AND  HOW  THEY  WORK.    By  JAMES  ERSKINE-MURRA Y. 

This  work  is  free  from  elaborate  details  and  aims  at  giving  a  clear  survey  of  the  way  in  which 
Wireless  Telephones  work.  It  is  intended  for  amateur  workers  and  for  those  whose  knowledge 
of  electricity  is  slight.  Chapters  contained:  How  We  Hear;  Historical;  The  Conversion  of 
Sound  into  Electric  Waves;  Wireless  Transmission;  The  Production  of  Alternating  Currents 
of  High  Frequency;  How  the  Electric  Waves  are  Radiated  and  Received;  The  Receiving 
Instruments;  Detectors;  Achievements  and  Expectations;  Glossary  of  Technical  Words, 
Cloth.  Price Sl.OO 

WIRING  A  HOUSE.     By  HERBERT  PRATT. 

Shows  a  house  already  built;  tells  just  how  to  start  about  wiring  it;  where  to  begin;  what 
wire  to  use;  how  to  run  it  according  to  Insurance  Rules;  in  fact  just  the  information  you  need. 
Directions  apply  equally  to  a  shop.  Fourth  edition 25  cents 

FACTORY  MANAGEMENT,  ETC. 


MODERN  MACHINE  SHOP  CONSTRUCTION,  EQUIPMENT  AND  MANAGEMENT. 
By  O.  E.  PERRIGO,  M.E. 

The  only  work  published  that  describes  the  modern  machine  shop  or  manufacturing  plant  from 
the  time  the  grass  is  growing  on  the  site  intended  for  it  until  the  finished  product  is  shipped. 
By  a  careful  study  of  its  thirty-two  chapters  the  practical  man  may  economically  build, 
efficiently  equip,  and  successfully  manage  the  modern  machine  shop  or  manufacturing  estab- 
ishment.  Just  the  book  needed  by  those  contemplating  the  erection  of  modern  shop  buildings, 
the  re-building  and  re-organization  of  old  ones,  or  the  introduction  of  modern  shop  methods, 
time  and  cost  system.  It  is  a  book  written  and  illustrated  by  a  practical  shop  man  for  practical 
shop  men  who  are  too  busy  to  read  theories  and  want  f-icts.  It  is  the  most  complete  all  around 
book  of  its  kind  ever  published.  It  is  a  practical  book  for  practical  men,  from  the  apprentice 
in  the  shop  to  the  president  iii  the  office.  It  minutely  describes  and  illustrates  the  most  simple 
and  yet  the  most  efficient  time  and  cost  system  yet  devised.  Price $5.00 

12 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 
FUEL 

COMBUSTION  OF  COAL  AND  THE  PREVENTION  OF  SMOKE.   By  WM.  M.  BARR. 

This  book  has  been  prepared  with  special  reference  to  the  generation  of  heat  by  the  combus- 
tion of  the  common  fuels  found  in  the  United  States,  and  deals  particularly  with  the  condi- 
tions necessary  to  the  economic  and  smokeless  combustion  of  bituminous  coals  in  Stationary 
and  Locomotive  Steam  Boilers. 

The  presentation  of  this  important  subject  is  systematic  and  progressive.  The  arrangement 
of  the  book  is  in  a  series  of  practical  questions  to  which  are  appended  accurate  answers, 
which  describe  in  language,  free  from  technicalities,  the  several  processes  involved  in  the 
furnace  combustion  of  American  fuels;  it  clearly  states  the  essential  requisites  for  perfect 
combustion,  and  points  out  the  best  methods  for  furnace  construction  for  obtaining  the  great- 
est quantity  of  heat  from  any  given  quality  of  coal.  Nearly  350  pages,  fully  illustrated. 
Price $1.00 

SMOKE   PREVENTION   AND   FUEL   ECONOMY.     By  BOOTH  and  KEKSHAW. 

A  complete  treatise  for  all  interested  in  smoke  prevention  and  combustion,  being  based  on 
the  German  work  of  Ernst  Schrnatolla,  but  it  is  more  than  a  mere  translation  of  the  German 
treatise,  much  being  added.  The  authors  show  as  briefly  as  possible  the  principles  of  fuel 
combustion,  the  methods  which  have  been  and  are  at  present  in  use,  as  well  as  the  proper 
scientific  methods  for  obtaining  all  the  energy  in  the  coal  and  burning  it  without  smoke. 
Considerable  space  is  also  given  to  the  examination  of  the  waste  gases,  and  several  of  the 
representative  English  and  American  mechanical  stoker  and  similar  appliances  are  described. 
The  losses  carried  away  in  the  waste  gases  are  thoroughly  analyzed  and  discussed  in  the  Ap- 
pendix, and  abstracts  are  also  here  given  of  various  patents  on  combustion  apparatus.  The 
book  is  complete  and  contains  much  of  value  to  all  who  have  charge  of  large  plants.  194 
pages.  Illustrated.  Price $2.50 

GAS  ENGINES  AND   GAS 

GASOLINE  ENGINES:  THEIR  OPERATION,  USE  AND  CARE.   By  A.  HYATT 

VERRILL. 

The  Simplest,  Latest  and  Most  Comprehensive  popular  work  published  on  Gasoline  Engines 
describing  what  the  Gasoline  engine  is;  its  construction  and  operation;  how  to  install  it; 
how  to  select  it;  how  to  use  it  and  how  to  remedy  troubles  encountered.  Intended  for  owners, 
Operators  and  Users  of  Gasoline  Motors  of  all  kinds.  This  work  fully  describes  and  illus- 
trates the  various  types  of  Gasoline  engines  used  in  Motor  Boats,  Motor  Vehicles  and 
Stationary  Work.  The  parts,  accessories  and  Appliances  are  described,  with  chapters  on 
ignition,  fuel,  lubrication,  operation  and  engine  troubles.  Special  attention  is  given  to  the 
care,  operation  and  repair  of  motors  with  useful  hints  and  suggestions  on  emergency  re- 
pairs and  make-shifts.  A  complete  glossary  of  technical  terms  and  an  alphabetically  ar- 
ranged table  of  troubles  and  their  symptoms  form  most  valuable  and  unique  features  of  this 
manual.  Nearly  every  illustration  in  the  book  is  original,  having  been  made  by  the  author. 
Every  page  is  full  of  interest  and  value.  A  book  which  you  cannot  afford  to  be  without.  320 
pages.  Nearly  150  specially  made  engravings.  Price $1.50 

GAS,  GASOLINE,  AND  OIL  ENGINES.    By  GARDNER  D.  Hiscox. 

Just  issued,  20th  revised  and  enlarged  edition.  Every  user  of  a  gas  engine  needs  this  book. 
Simple,  instructive,  and  right  up-to-date.  The  only  complete  work  on  the  subject.  Tells 
all  about  the  running  and  management  of  gas,  gasoline  and  oil  engines,  as  designed  and  manu- 
factured in  the  United  States.  Explosive  motors  for  stationary,  marine  and  vehicle  power  are 
fully  treated,  together  with  illustrations  of  their  parts  and  tabulated  sizes,  also  their  care  and 
running  are  included.  Electric  ignition  by  induction  coil  and  jump  spark  are  fully  explained 
and  illustrated,  including  valuable  information  on  the  testing  for  economy  and  power  and  the 
erection  of  power  plants. 

The  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  in  regard  to  the  installation  anl 
management  of  gasoline  motors  is  given  in  full,  suggesting  the  safe  installation  of  explosive 
motor  power.  A  list  of  United  States  Patents  issued  on  gas,  gasoline,  and  oil  engines  and  their 
adjuncts  from  1875  to  date  is  included.  484  pages.  410  engravings  Price  .  .  .  $2.50 

MODERN  GAS  ENGINES  AND  PRODUCER  GAS  PLANTS.    By  R.  E.  MATHOT,  M.E, 

A  guide  for  the  gas  engine  designer,  user,  and  engineer  in  the  construction,  selection,  purchase 
installation,  operation,  and  maintenance  of  gas  engines.  More  than  one  book  on  gas  engines 
has  been  written,  but  not  one  has  thus  far  even  encroached  on  the  field  covered  by  this  book. 
Above  all  Mr.  Mathot's  work  is  a  practical  guide.  Recognizing  the  need  of  a  volume  that 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

would  assist  the  gas  engine  user  in  understanding  thoroughly  the  motor  upon  which  he  depends 
for  power,  the  author  has  discussed  his  subject  without  the  help  of  any  mathematics  and 
without  elaborate  theoretical  explanations.  Every  part  of  the  gas  engine  is  described  in  detail, 
tersely,  clearly,  with  a  thorough  understanding  of  the  requirements  of  the  mechanic.  Helpful 
suggestions  as  to  the  purchase  of  an  en^ue,  its  installation,  care,  and  operation  form  a  most 
\aluablefeatureofthework.  320pac;c;s.  175  detailed  illustrations.  Price  .  .  .  $2.50 

^AS  ENGINE  CONSTRUCTION,  OR  HOW  TO  BUILD  A  HALF-HORSE-POWER 
GAS  ENGINE.  By  PARSELL  and  WEED. 

A  practical  treatise  of  300  pages  describing  the  the9ry  and  principles  of  the  action  of  Gas 
Engines  of  various  types  and  the  design  and  construction  of  a  half -horse  power  Gas  Engine,  with 
illustrations  of  the  work  in  actual  progress,  together  with  the  dimensioned  working  drawings 
giving  clearly  the  sizes  of  the  various  details;  for  the  student,  the  scientific  investigator  and  the 
amateur  mechanic. 

Tnis  book  treats  of  the  subject  more  from  the  standpoint  of  practice  than  that  of  theory.  The 
principles  of  operation  of  Gas  Engines  are  clearly  and  simply  described  and  then  the  actual 
construction  of  a  half-horse  power  engine  is  taken  up,  step  by  step,  showing  in  detail  the  making 
of  the  Gas  Engine.  3d  Edition.  300  pages.  Price $2.50 

THE  GASOLINE  ENGINE  ON  THE  FARM:    ITS  OPERATION,  REPAIR 

AND  USES.     By  XENO  W.  PUTNAM. 

This  is  a  practical  treatise  on  the  Gasoline  and  Kerosene  engine  intended  for  the  man  who 
wants  to  know  just  how  to  manage  his  engine  and  how  to  apply  it  to  all  kinds  of  farm  work 
to  the  best  advantage. 

The  book  includes  selecting  the  most  suitable  engine  for  farm  work,  its  most  convenient  and 
efficient  installation,  with  chapters  on  troubles,  their  remedies  and  how  to  avoid  them. 
The  care  and  management  of  the  farm  tractor  in  plowing,  harrowing,  harvesting  and  road 
grading  are  fully  covered;  also  plain  directions  are  given  for  handling  the  tractor  on  the  road. 
Special  attention  is  given  to  relieving  farm  life  of  its  drudgery  by  applying  power  to  the 
disagreeable  small  tasks  which  must  otherwise  be  done  by  hand.  Many  homemade  con- 
trivances for  cutting  wood,  supplying  kitchen,  garden  and  barn  with  water,  loading,  hauling 
and  unloading  hay,  delivering  grain  to  the  bins  or  the  feed  trough  are  included;  also  full 
directions  for  making  the  engine  milk  the  cows,  churn,  wash,  sweep  the  house  and  clean  the 
windows,  etc.  Very  fully  illustrated  with  drawings  of  working  parts  and  cuts  showing 
Stationary,  Portable  and  Tractor  Engines  doing  all  kinds  of  farm  work.  300  pages.  Nearly 
150  engravings.  12mo.  Price $1.50 

CHEMISTRY  OF  GAS  MANUFACTURE.     By  H.  M.  ROYLES. 

This  book  covers  points  likely  to  arise  in  the  ordinary  course  of  the  duties  of  the  engineer  or 
manager  of  a  gas  works  not  large  enough  to  necessitate  the  employment  of  a  separate  chemical 
staff.  It  treats  of  the  testing  of  the  raw  materials  employed  in  tne  manufacture  of  illuminat- 
ing coal  gas,  and  of  the  gas  produced.  The  preparation  of  standard  solutions  is  given  as  well 
as  the  chemical  and  physical  examination  of  gas  coal  including  among  its  contents — Prepa- 
ratipns  of  Standard  Solutions,  Coal,  Furnaces,  Testing  and  Regulati9n.  Products  of  Car- 
bonization. Analysis  of  Crude  Coal  Gas.  Analysis  of  Lime.  Ammonia.  Analysis  of  Oxide 
pf  Iron.  Naphthalene.  Analysis  of  Fire-Bricks  and  Fire-Clay.  Weldom  and  Spent  Oxide. 
Photometry  and  Gas  Testing.  Carburetted  Water  Gas.  Metropolis  Gas.  Miscellaneous 
Extracts.  Useful  Tables $4.50 

GEARING  AND  CAMS 

BEVEL  GEAR  TABLES.    By  D.  AG.  ENGSTROM. 

A  book  that  will  at  once  commend  itself  to  mechanics  and  draftsmen.  Does  away  with  all 
the  trigonometry  and  tancy  figuring  on  bevel  gears  and  makes  it  easy  for  anyone  to  lay  them 
out  or  make  them  just  right.  There  are  36  full-page  tables  that  show  every  necessary  dimen- 
sion for  all  sizes  or  combinations  you're  apt  to  need.  No  puzzling  figuring  or  guessing. 
Gives  placing  distance,  all  the  angles  (including  cutting  angles),  and  the  correct  cutter  to  use. 
A  copy  of  this  prepares  you  for  anything  in  the  bevel  gear  line.  66  pages.  .  $1.00 

CHANGE  GEAR  DEVICES.     By  OSCAR  E.  PERRIGO. 

A  practical  book  for  every  designer,  draftsman,  and  mechanic  interested  in  the  invention  and 
development  of  the  devices  for  feed  changes  on  the  different  machines  requiring  such  mechan- 
ism. All  the  necessary  information  on  this  subject  is  taken  up,  analyzed,  classified,  sifted, 
and  concentrated  for  the  use  of  busy  men  who  have  not  the  time  to  go  through  the  masses 
of  irrelevant  matter  with  which  such  a  subject  is  usually  encumbered  and  select  such  infor- 
mation as  will  be  useful  to  them. 

It  shows  just  what  has  been  done,  how  it  has  been  done,  when  it  was  done,  and  who  did  it. 
It  saves  time  in  hunting  up  patent  records  and  re-inventing  old  ideas.  88  pages.  $1.00 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

DRAFTING  OF  CAMS.     By  Louis  ROUILLION. 

The  laying  out  of  cams  is  a  serious  problem  unless  you  know  how  to  go  at  it  right.  This  puts 
you  on  the  right  road  for  practically  any  kind  of  cam  you  are  likely  to  run  up  against.  25  cents 

HYDRAULICS 

HYDRAULIC   ENGINEERING.     By  GARDNER  D.  Hiscox. 

A  treatise  on  the  properties,  power,  and  resources  of  water  for  all  purposes.  Including  the 
measurement  of  streams,  the  flow  of  water  in  pipes  or  conduits ;  the  horse-power  of  falling 
water;  turbine  and  impact  water-wheels,  wave  motors,  centrifugal,  reciprocating,  and  air- 
lift pumps.  With  300  figures  and  diagrams  and  36  practical  tables. 

All  who  are  interested  in  water-works  development  will  find  this  book  a  useful  one,  because 
it  is  an  entirely  practical  treatise  upon  a  subject  of  present  importance,  and  cannot  fail  in 
having  a  far-reaching  influence,  and  for  this  reason  should  have  a  place  in  the  working  library 
of  every  engineer.  Among  the  subjects  treated  are:  Historical — Hydraulics,  Properties  of 
Water;  Measurement  of  the  flow  of  Streams;  Flow  from  Subsurface  orifices  and  nozzles; 
Flow  of  water  in  Pipes;  Siphons  of  various  kinds;  Dams  and  Great  Storage  Reservoirs; 
City  and  Town  Water  Supply;  Wells  and  their  reenforcement ;  Air  lift  methods  of  raising 
water;  artesian  wells;  Irrigation  of  Arid  districts;  Water  Power,  Water  Wheels;  Pumps  and 
Pumping  Machinery;  Reciprocating  Pumps;  Hydraulic  Power  Transmission;  Hydraulic 
Mining;  Canals;  Ditches;  Conduits  and  Pipe  Lines;  Marine  Hydraulics;  Tidal  and  Sea 
Wave  power,  etc.  320  pages.  Price $4.00 

ICE    AND    REFRIGERATION 

POCKET  BOOK  OF  REFRIGERATION  AND  ICE  MAKING.  By  A.  J.  WALLIS- 
TAYLOR. 

This  is  one  of  the  latest  and  most  comprehensive  reference  books  published  on  the  subject  of 
refrigeration  and  cold  storage.  It  explains  the  properties  and  refrigerating  effect  of  the  different 
fluids  in  use,  the  management  of  refrigerating  machinery  and  the  construction  and  insulation 
of  cold  rooms  with  their  required  pipe  surface  for  different  degrees  of  cold ;  freezing  mixtures 
and  non-freezing  brines,  temperatures  of  cold  rooms  for  all  kinds  of  provisions,  cold  storage 
charges  for  all  classes  of  goods,  ice  making  and  storage  of  ice,  data  and  memoranda  for  constant 
reference  by  refrigerating  engineers,  with  nearly  one  hundred  tables  containing  valuable 
references  to  every  fact  and  condition  required  in  the  installment  and  operation  of  a  refrigerat- 
ing plant.  Illustrated.  (5th  Edition,  revised.)  Price $1.50 

INVENTIONS— PATENTS 

INVENTOR'S  MANUAL,  HOW  TO  MAKE  A  PATENT  PAY. 

This  is  a  book  designed  as  a  guide  to  inventors  in  perfecting  their  inventions,  taking  out  their 
patents  and  disposing  of  them.  It  is  not  in  any  sense  a  Patent  Solicitor's  Circular,  nor  a 
Patent  Broker's  Advertisement.  No  advertisements  of  any  description  appear  in  the  work. 
It  is- a  book  containing  a  quarter  of  a  century's  experience  of  a  successful  inventor,  together 
with  notes  based  upon  the  experience  of  many  other  inventors. 

Among  the  subjects  treated  in  this  work  are:  How  to  Invent.  How  to  Secure  a  Good 
Patent.  Value  of  Good  Invention.  How  to  exhibit  an  Invention.  How  to  Interest 
Capital.  How  to  Estimate  the  Value  of  a  Patent.  Value  of  Design  Patents.  Value  of 
Foreign  Patents.  Value  of  Small  Inventions.  Advice  on  Selling  Patents.  Advice  on  the 
Formation  of  Stock  Companies.  Advice  on  the  Formation  of  Limited  Liability  Companies. 
Advice  on  Disposing  of  Old  Patents.  Advice  as  to  Patent  Attorneys.  Advice  as  to  Selling 
Agents.  Forms  of  Assignments.  License  and  Contracts.  State  Laws  Concerning  Patent 
Rights.  1900  Census  of  the  United  States  by  counties  of  over  10,000  population.  Kevised 
edition.  120  pages.  Price  . $1.00 

KNOTS 

KNOTS,  SPLICES  AND  ROPE  WORK.    By  A.  HYATT  VERRILL. 
This  is  a  practical  book  giving  complete  and  simple  directions  for  making  all  the  most  use- 
ful and  ornamental  knots  in  common  use.  with  chapters  on  Splicing,  Pointing,   Seizing, 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD.  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

Serving,  etc.  This  book  is  fully  illustrated  with  one  hundred  and  fifty  original  engravings 
which  show  how  each  knot,  tie  or  splice  is  formed  and  its  appearance  when  finished.  The 
book  will  be  found  of  the  greatest  value  to  Campers,  Yachtsmen,  Travelers,  Boy  Scouts 
hi  fact  to  anyone  having  occasion  to  use  or  handle  rope  or  knots  for  any  purpose.  The  book 
is  thoroughly  reliable  and  practical  and  is  not  only  a  guide  but  a  teacher.  It  is  the  standard 
work  on  the  subject.  Among  the  contents  are:  1.  Cordage,  Kinds  of  Rope.  Construction 
of  Rope,  Parts  of  Rope  Cable  and  Bolt  Rope.  Strength  of  Rope,  Weight  of  Rope.  2.  Sim- 
ple knots  and  Bends.  Terms  used  in  Handling  Rope.  Seizing  Rope.  3.  Ties  and  Hitches. 
4.  Noose,  Loops  and  Mooring  Knots.  5.  Shortenings,  Grommets  and  Selvages.  6.  Lash- 
ings. Seizings  and  Splices.  7.  Fancy  Knots  and  Rope  Work.  128  pages.  150  original 
engravings.  Price 60  cents 

LATHE  WORK 


MODERN  AMERICAN  LATHE  PRACTICE.     By  OSCAR  E.  PERRIGO. 

This  is  a  new  book  from  cover  to  cover,  and  the  only  complete  American  work  on  the  subject 
written  by  a  man  who  knows  not  only  how  work  ought  to  be  done,  but  who  also  knows 
how  to  do  it,  and  how  to  convey  this  knowledge  to  others.  It  is  strictly  up-to-date  in  its 
descriptions  and  illustrations,  which  represent  the  very  latest  practice  in  lathe  and  boring 
mill  operations  as  well  as  the  construction  of  and  latest  developments  in  the  manufacture 
of  these  important  classes  of  machine  tools. 

Lathe  history  and  the  relations  of  the  Lathe  to  manufacturing  are  given;  also  a  description 
of  the  various  devices  for  Feeds  and  Thread  Cutting  mechanisms  from  early  efforts  in  this 
direction  to  the  present  time.  Lathe  design  is  thoroughly  discussed,  including  Back  Gearing, 
Driving  Cones,  Thread  Cutting  Gears,  and  all  the  essential  elements  of  the  modern  Lathe. 
The  classification  of  Lathes  is  taken  up,  giving  the  essential  differences  of  the  several  types 
of  Lathes,  including,  as  is  usually  understood,  Engine  Lathes,  Bench  Lathes,  Speed  Lathes, 
Forge  Lathes,  Gap  Lathes,  Pulley  Lathes,  Forming  Lathes,  Multiple  Spindle  Lathes,  Rapid 
Reduction  Lathes,  Precision  Lathes:  Turret  Lathes,  Special  Lathes,  Electrically  Dn/en 
Lathes,  etc.  424  pages.  314  illustrations.  Price $2.50 

PRACTICAL  METAL  TURNING.     By  JOSEPH  G.  HORNER. 

This  important  and  practical  subject  is  treated  in  a  full  and  exhaustive  manner  and  nothing 
of  importance  is  omitted.  The  principles  and  practice  and  all  tbe  different  branches  of  Turn- 
ing are  considered  and  well  illustrated.  All  the  different  kinds  of  Chucks  of  usual  forms,  as 
well  as  some  unusual  kinds,  are  shown.  A  feature  of  the  book  is  the  important  section  de- 
voted to  modern  Turret  practice;  Boring  is  another  subject  which  is  treated  fully;  and  the 
chapter  on  Tool  Holders  illustrates  a  large  number  of  representative  types.  Thread  Cutting 
is  treated  at  reasonable  length;  and  the  last  chapter  contains  a  good  deal  of  information 
relating  to  the  High-Speed  Steels  and  their  work.  The  numerous  tools  used  by  machinists 
are  illustrated,  and  also  the  aujuncts  of  the  lathe.  In  fact,  the  entire  subject  is  treated  in 
such  a  thorough  manner  as  to  make  this  book  the  standard  one  on  i.he  subject.  It  is  indis- 
pensable to  the  manager,  engineer,  and  machinist  as  well  as  to  the  student,  amateur,  and 
experimental  man  who  desires  to  keep  up-to-date.  400  pages,  fully  illustiated.  Price  $3.50 

TURNING  AND  BORING  TAPERS.     By  FRED  H.  COLVIN. 

There  are  two  ways  to  turn  tapers;  the  right  way  and  one  other.  This  treatise  has  to  do  with 
the  right  way;  it  tells  you  how  to  start  the  work  properly,  how  to  set  the  lathe,  what  tools  to 
use  and  how  to  use  them,  and  forty  and  one  other  little  things  that  y  >u  should  know.  Fourth 
edition 25  cents 


LIQUID  AIR  AND  THE  LIQUEFACTION  OF  GASES.     By  T.  O'CoNOR  SLOANE. 

This  book  gives  the  history  of  the  theory,  discovery,  and  manufacture  of  Liquid  Air,  and 
£oi';aJns  an  illustrated  description  of  all  the  experiments  that  have  excited  the  wonder  of 
audiences  all  over  the  country.  It  shows  how  liquid  air,  like  water,  is  carried  hundreds  of 
miles  and  is  handled  in  open  buckets.  It  tells  what  may  be  expected  from  it  in  the  near 
future. 

A  book  that  renders  simple  one  of  the  most  perplexing  chemical  problems  of  the  century. 
Startling  developments  illustrated  by  actual  experiments. 

It  is  not  only  a  work  of  scientific  interest  and  authority,  but  is  intended  for  the  general  reader, 
being  written  in  a  popular  style — easily  understood  by  every  one.  Second  edition.  365 
Price  ' $2.00 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 
LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINEERING 

AIR-BRAKE  CATECHISM.     By  ROBERT  H.  BLACKALL. 

This  book  is  a  standard  text  book.  It  covers  the  Westinghouse  Air-Brake  Equipment,  In- 
cluding the  No.  5  and  the  No.  6  E.  T  Locomotive  Brake  Equipment;  the  K  (Quick-Service) 
Triple  Valve  for  Freight  Service;  and  the  Cross-Compound  Pump.  The  operation  of  all  parts 
of  the  apparatus  is  explained  in  detail,  and  a  practical  way  of  finding  their  peculiarities  and 
defects,  with  a  proper  remedy,  is  given.  It  contains  2,000  questions  witn  their  answers, 
which  will  enable  any  railroad  man  to  pass  any  examination  on  the  subject  of  Air  Brakes. 
Endorsed  and  used  by  air-brake  instructors  and  examiners  on  nearly  every  railroad  in  the 
United  States.  25th  Edition.  350  pages,  fully  illustrated  with  folding  plates  and  dia- 
grams  $2.00 

AMERICAN   COMPOUND    LOCOMOTIVES.     By  FRED.  H.  COLVIN. 

The  only  book  on  compounds  for  the  engineman  or  shopman  that  shows  in  a  plain,  practical 
way  the  various  features  of  compound  locomotives  in  use.  Shows  how  they  are  made,  what 
to  do  when  they  break  down  or  balk.  Contains  sections  as  follows: — A  Bit  of  History.  The- 
ory of  Compounding  Steam  Cylinders.  Baldwin  Two-Cylinder  Compound.  Pittsburg  Two- 
Cylinder  Compound.  Rhode  Island  Compound.  Richmond  Compound.  Rogers  Compound. 
Schenectady  Two-Cylinder  Compound.  Vauclain  Compound.  Tandem  Compounds.  Bald- 
win Tandem.  The  Colvin-Wigntman  Tande/n.  Schenectady  Tandem.  Balanced  Loco- 
motives. Baldwin  Balanced  Compound.  Plans  for  Balancing.  Locating  Blows.  Break- 
downs. Reducing  Valves.  Drifting.  Valve  Motion.  Disconnecting.  Power  of  Compound 
Locomotives.  Practical  Notes. 

Fully  illustrated  'and  containing  ten  special  "Duotone"  inserts  on  heavy  Plate  Paper,  show- 
ing different  types  of  Compounds.  142  pages.  Price $1.00 

APPLICATION  OF  HIGHLY  SUPERHEATED  STEAM  TO  LOCOMOTIVES.     By 

ROBERT  GARBE. 

A  practical  book.  Contains  special  chapters  on  Generation  of  Highly  Superheated  Steam; 
Superheated  Steam  and  the  Two-Cylinder  Simple  Engine;  Compounding  and  Superheating; 
Designs  ofj  Locomotive  Superheaters;  Constructive  Details  of  Locomotives  using  Highly 
Superheated  Steam;  Experimental  and  Working  Results.  Illustrated  with  folding  places 
and  tables.  Price $2.5O 

COMBUSTION  OF  COAL  AND  THE  PREVENTION  OF  SMOKE. 
By  WM.  M.  BARR. 

This  book  has  been  prepared  with  special  reference  to  the  generation  of  heat  by  the  combus- 
tion of  the  common  fuels  found  in  the  United  States,  and  deals  particularly  with  the  condi- 
tions necessary  to  the  economic  and  smokeless  combustion  of  bituminous  coal  in  Stationary 
and  Locomotive  Steam  Boilers. 

The  presentation  of  this  important  subject  is  systematic  and  progressive.  The  arrangement 
of  the  book  is  in  a  series  of  practical  questions  to  which  are  appended  accurate  answers, 
which  describe  in  language,  free  from  technicalities,  the  several  processes  involved  in  the 
furnace  combustion  of  American  fuels;  it  clearly  states  the  essential  requisites  for  perfect 
combustion,  and  points  out  the  best  methods  of  furnace  construction  for  obtaining  the 
greatest  quantity  of  heat  from  any  given  quality  of  coal.  Nearly  350  pages,  fully  illustrated. 
Price $1.00 

DIARY  OF  A  ROUND  HOUSE  FOREMAN.    By  T.  S.  REILLY    . 
This  is  the  greatest  book  of  railroad  experiences  ever  published.     Containing  a  fund  of  infor- 
mation and  suggestions  along  the  line  of  handling  men,  organizing,  etc. ,  that  one  cannot  afford 
to  miss.     176  pages.     Price $1.00 

LINK  MOTIONS,  VALVES  AND  VALVE  SETTING.    By  FRED  H.  COLVIN,  Associate 

Editor  of  "American  Machinist." 

A  handy  book  for  the  engineer  pr  machinist  that  clears  up  the  mysteries  of  valve  setting. 
Shows  the  different  valve  gears  in  use,  how  they  work,  and  why.  Piston  and  slide  valves 
of  different  types  are  illustrated  and  explained.  A  book  that  every  railroad  man  in  the  mo- 
tive power  department  ought  to  have.  Contains  chapters  on  Locomotive  Link  Motion, 
Valve  Movements,  Setting  Slide  Valves,  Analysis  by  Diagrams.  Modern  Practice,  Slip  of 
Block,  Slide  Valves,  Piston  Valves,  Setting  Piston  Valves,  Joy-Allen  Valve  Gear,  Walschaert 
Valve  Gear,  Gooch  Valve  Gear,  Alfree-Hubbell  Valve  Gear,  etc.,  etc.  Fully  illustrated. 
Price  . 50  cents 

17 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

LOCOMOTIVE   BOILER   CONSTRUCTION.     By  FRANK  A.  KLEINHANS. 

The  construction  of  boilers  in  general  is  treated,  and  following  this,  the  locomotive  boiler 
is  taken  up  in  the  order  in  which  its  various  parts  go  through  the  shpp.  Shows  all  types  of 
boilers  used:  gives  details  of  construction;  practical  facts,  such  as  life  of  riveting,  punches 
and  dies;  work  done  per  day,  allowance  for  bending  and  flanging  sheets,  and  other  data. 
Locomotive  boilers  present  more  difficulty  in  laying  out  and  building  than  any  other  type, 
and  for  this  reason  the  author  uses  them  as  examples.  Anyone  who  can  handle  them  can 
tackle  anything. 

Contains  chapters  on  Laying  Out  Work;  Flanging  and  Forging;  Punching;  Shearing:  Plate 
Planing;  General  Tables;  Finishing  Parts;  Bending;  Machinery  Parts;  Riveting;  Boiler 
Details;  Smoke  Box  Details;  Assembling  and  Calking;  Boiler  Shop  Machinery,  etc.,  etc. 
There  isn't  a  man  who  has  anything  to  do  with  boiler  work,  either  new  or  repair  work,  who 
doesn't  need  this  book.  The  manufacturer,  superintendent,  foreman,  and  boiler  worker — 
all  need  it.  No  matter  what  the  type  of  boiler,  you'll  find  a  mint  of  information  that  you 
wouldn't  be  without.  Over  400  pages,  five  large  folding  plates.  Price $3.00 

LOCOMOTIVE  BREAKDOWNS  AND  THEIR  REMEDIES.  By  GEO.  L.  FOWLER. 
Revised  by  WM.  W.  WOOD,  Air-Brake  Instructor.  Just  issued.  Revised  pocket 
edition. 

It  is  out  of  the  question  to  try  and  tell  you  about  every  subject  that  is  covered  in  this  pocket 
edition  of  Locomotive  Breakdowns.  Just  imagine  all  the  common  troubles  that  an  engineer 
may  expect  to  happen  some  time,  and  then  adti  all  of  the  unexpected  ones,  troubles  that  could 
occur,  but  that  you  had  never  thought  about,  and  you  will  find  that  they  are  all  treated  with 
the  very  best  methods  of  repair.  Walschaert  Locomotive  Valve  Gear  Troubles,  Electric 
Headlight  Troubles,  as  well  as  Questions  and  Answers  on  the  Air  Brake  are  all  included.  294 
pages.  7th  Revised  Edition.  Fully  illustrated $1.00 

LOCOMOTIVE   CATECHISM.     By  ROBERT  GRIMSHAW. 

The  revised  edition  of  "Locomotive  Catechism,"  by  Robert  Grimshaw,  is  a  New  Book  from 
Cover  to  Cover.  It  contains  twice  as  many  pages  and  double  the  number  of  illustrations 
of  previous  editions.  Includes  the  greatest  amount  of  practical  information  ever  published 
on  the  construction  and  management  of  modern  locomotives.  Specially  Prepared  Chapters 
on  the  Walschaert  Locomotive  Valve  Gear,  the  Air  Brake  Equipment  and  the  Electric  Head 
Light  are  given. 

It  commends  itself  at  9nce  to  every  Engineer  and  Fireman,  and  to  all  who  are  going  in  for 
examination  or  promotion.  In  plain  language,  with  full  complete  answers,  not  only  all  the 
questions  asked  by  the  examining  engineer  are  given,  but  those  which  the  young  and  less 
experienced  would  ask  the  veteran,  and  which  old  hands  ask  as  "stickers."  It  is  a  veritable 
Encyclopedia  of  the  Locomotive,  is  entirely  free  from  mathematics,  easily  understood  and 
thoroughly  up-to-date.  Contains  over  4,000  Examination  Questions  with  their  Answers. 
825  pages,  437  illustrations  and  three  folding  plates.  28th  Revised  Edition.  .  .  $2.50 

PRACTICAL  INSTRUCTOR  AND  REFERENCE  BOOK  FOR  LOCOMOTIVE 
FIREMEN  AND  ENGINEERS.  By  CHAS.  F.  LOCKHART. 

An  entirely  new  book  on  the  Locomotive.  It  appeals  to  every  railroad  man,  as  it  tells  him 
how  things  are  done  and  the  right  way  to  do  them.  Written  by  a  man  who  has  had  years 
of  practical  experience  in  locomotive  shops  and  on  the  road  firing  and  running.  The  infor- 
mation given  in  this  book  cannot  be  found  in  any  other  similar  treatise.  Eight  hundred  and 
fifty-one  questions  with  their  answers  are  included,  which  will  prove  specially  helpful  to 
those  preparing  for  examination.  Practical  information  on:  The  Construction  and  Opera- 
tion of  Locomotives.  Breakdowns  and  their  Remedies;  Air  Brakes  and  Valve  Gears. 
Rules  and  Signals  are  handled  in  a  thorough  manner.  As  a  book  of  reference  it  cannot  be 
excelled.  The  book  is  divided  into  six  parts,  as  follows:  1.  The  Fireman's  Duties.  2. 
General  description  of  the  Locomotive.  3.  Breakdowns  and  their  Remedies.  4.  Air  Brakes. 
5.  Extracts  from  Standard  Rules.  6.  Questions  for  examination.  The  851  questions  have 
been  carefully  selected  and  arranged.  These  cover  the  examinations  required  by  the  different 
railroads.  368  pages.  88  illustrations.  Price $1.50 

PREVENTION  OF  RAILROAD  ACCIDENTS,  OR  SAFETY  IN  RAILROADING. 

By  GEORGE  BRADSHAW. 

This  book  is  a  heart-to-heart  talk  with  Railroad  Employees,  dealing  with  facts,  not  theories, 
and  showing  the  men  in  the  ranks,  from  every-day  experience,  how  accidents  occur  and  how 
they  may  be  avoided.  The  book  is  illustrated  with  seventy  original  photographs  and  draw- 
ings showing  the  safe  and  unsafe  methods  of  work.  No  visionary  schemes,  no  ideal  pictures. 
Just  plain  facts  and  Practical  Suggestions  are  given.  Every  railroad  employee  who  reads  the 

18 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD.  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

book  is  a  better  and  safer  man  to  have  in  railroad  service.  It  gives  just  the  information 
which  will  be  the  means  of  preventing  many  injuries  and  deaths.  All  railroad  employees 
should  procure  a  copy,  read  it,  and  do  your  part  in  preventing  accidents.  169  pages.  Pocket 
Size.  Fully  illustrated.  Price 60  cents 

TRAIN  RULE  EXAMINATIONS  MADE  EASY.  By  G.  E.  COLLINGWOOD. 
This  is  the  only  practical  work  on  train-rules  in  print.  Every  detail  is  covered,  and  puzzling 
points  are  explained  in  simple,  comprehensive  language,  making  it  a  practical  treatise  for 
the  Train  Dispatcher,  Engineman,  Trainman,  and  all  others  who  ha're  to  do  with  the  move- 
ments of  trains.  Contains  complete  and  reliable  information  of  the  Standard  Code  of  Train 
Rules  for  single  track.  Shows  Signals  in  Colors,  as  used  on  the  different  roads.  Explains 
fully  the  practical  application  of  train  orders,  giving  a  clear  and  definite  understanding  of  all 
orders  which  may  be  used.  The  meaning  and  necessity  for  certain  rules  are  explained  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  student  may  know  beyond  a  doubt  the  rights  conferred  under  any 
orders  he  may  receive  or  the  action  required  by  certain  rules. 

As  nearly  all  roads  require  trainmen  to  pass  regular  examinations,  a  complete  set  of  examina- 
tion questions,  with  their  answers,  are  included.  These  will  enable  the  student  to  pass  the 
required  examinations  with  credit  to  himself  and  the  road  for  which  he  works.  256  pages. 
Fully  illustrated  with  Train  Signals  in  colors.  Price $1.26 

TRAIN   RULES  AND   DESPATCHING.     By  H.  A.  DALBY. 

Every  railroad  man,  no  matter  what  department  he's  in,  needs  a  copy  of  this  book.  It  givefc 
the  standard  rules  for  both  single  and  double  track,  shows  all  the  signals,  with  colors  wher- 
ever necessary,  and  has  a  list  of  towns  where  time  changes,  with  a  map  showing  the  whole 
country.  The  rules  are  explained  wherever  there  is  any  doubt  about  their  meaning  or  where 
they  are  modified  by  different  railroads.  It's  the  only  practical  book  on  train  rules  in  print. 
Over  220  pages.  Leather  cover.  Price $1.50 

THE  WALSCHAERT  AND  OTHER  MODERN  RADIAL  VALVE  GEARS  FOR 
LOCOMOTIVES.  By  WM.  W.  WOOD. 

If  you  would  thoroughly  understand  the  Walschaert  Valve  Gear  you  should  possess  a  copy 
of  this  book,  as  the  author  takes  the  plainest  form  of  a  steam  engine — a  stationary  engine  in 
the  rough,  that  will  only  turn  its  crank  in  one  direction — and  from  it  builds  up — with  the 
reader's  help — a  modern  locomotive  equipped  with  the  Walschaert  Valve  Gear,  complete. 
The  points  discussed  are  clearly  illustrated ;  two  large  folding  plates  that  show  the  positions 
of  the  valves  of  both  inside  or  outside  admission  type,  as  well  as  the  links  and  other  parts  of 
the  gear  when  the  crank  is  at  nine  different  points  in  its  revolution,  are  especially  valuable 
in  making  the  movement  clear.  These  employ  sliding  cardboard  models  which  are  contained 
in. a  pocket  in  the  cover. 

The  book  is  divided  into  five  general  divisions,  as  follows:  I.  Analysis  of  the  gear.  II.  De- 
signing and  erecting  the  gear.  III.  Advantages  of  the  gear.  IV.  Questions  and  answers 
relating  to  the  Walschaert  Valve  Gear.  V.  Setting  valves  with  the  Walschaert  Valve  Gear; 
the  three  primary  types  of  locomotive  valve  motion;  modern  radial  valve  gears  other  than 
the  Walschaert;  the  Hobart  All-free  valve  and  valve  gear,  with  questions  and  answers  on 
breakdowns;  the  Baker-Pilliod  valve  gear;  the  Improved  Baker-Pilliod  Valve  Gear,  with 
questions  and  answers  on  breakdowns. 

The  questions  with  full  answers  given  will  be  especially  valuable  to  firemen  and  engineers 
in  preparing  for  an  examination  for  promotion.  245  pages.  Third  Revised  Edition. 
Price $1.60 

WESTINGHOUSE  E— T  AIR-BRAKE  INSTRUCTION  POCKET  BOOK.     By  WM. 

W.  WOOD,  Air-Brake  Instructor. 

Here  is  a  book  for  the  railroad  man,  and  the  man  who  aims  to  be  one.  It  is  without  doubt 
the  only  complete  work  published  on  the  Westinghouse  E-T  Locomotive  Brake  Equipment. 
Written  by  an  Air  Brake  Instructor  who  knows  just  what  is  needed.  It  covers  the  subject 
thoroughly.  Everything  about  the  New  Westinghouse  Engine  and  Tender  Brake  Equip- 
ment, including  the  Standard  No.  5  and  the  Perfected  No.  6  Style  of  brake,  is  treated  in  de- 
tail. Written  in  plain  English  and  profusely  illustrated  with  Colored  Plates,  which  enable 
one  to  trace  the  flow  of  pressures  throughout  the  entire  equipment.  The  best  book  ever 
published  on  the  Air  Brake.  Equally  good  for  the  beginner  and  the  advanced  engineer. 
Will  pass  any  one  through  any  examination.  It  informs  and  enlightens  you  on  every  point. 
Indispensable  to  every  engineman  and  trainman. 

Contains  examination  questions  and  answers  on  the  E-T  equipment.  Covering  what  the 
E-T  Brake  is.  How  it  should  be  operated.  What  to  do  when  defective.  Not  a  question  can 
be  asked  of  the  engineman  up  for  promotion  on  either  the  No.  5  or  the  No.  6  E-T  equipment 
that  is  not  asked  and  answered  in  the  book.  If  you  want  to  thoroughly  understand  the  E-T 
equipment  get  a  copy  of  this  book.  It  covers  every  detail.  Makes  Air  Brake  troubles  and 
examinations  easy.  Price $1.60 

19* 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD.  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 
MACHINE  SHOP  PRACTICE 

AMERICAN  TOOL  MAKING  AND  INTERCHANGEABLE  MANUFACTURING.    By 

J.    V.   WOODWORTH. 

A  "shoppy"  book,  containing  no  theorizing,  no  problematical  or  experimental  devices,  there 
are  no  badly  proportioned  and  impossible  diagrams,  no  catalogue  cuts,  but  a  valuable  collec- 
tion of  drawings  and  descriptions  of  devices,  the  rich  fruits  of  the  author's  own  experience. 
In  its  500-odd  pages  the  one  subject  only,  Tool  Making,  and  whatever  relates  thereto,  is 
dealt  with.  The  work  stands  without  a  rival.  It  is  a  complete  practical  treatise  on  the 
art  of  American  Tool  Making  and  system  of  interchangeable  manufacturing  as  carried  on 
to-day  in  the  United  States.  In  it  are  described  and  illustrated  all  of  the  different  types 
and  classes  of  small  tools,  fixtures,  devices,  and  special  appliances  which  are  in  general  use 
in  all  machine  manufacturing  and  metal  working  establishments  where  economy,  capacity, 
and  interchangeability  in  the  production  of  machined  metal  parts  are  imperative.  The 


illustrated  and  described  have  been  or  are  used  for  the  actual  production  of  work,  such  as 
parts  of  drill  presses,  lathes,  patented  machinery,  typewriters,  electrical  apparatus,  mechan- 
ical appliances,  brass  goods,  composition  parts,  mould  products,  sheet  metal  articles,  drop 
forgings,  jewelry,  watches,  medals,  coins,  etc.  531  pages.  Price $4.00 

HENLEY'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  PRACTICAL  ENGINEERING  AND  ALLIED 
TRADES.  Edited  by  JOSEPH  G.  HORNER,  A.M.I.,  M.E. 

This  set  of  five  volumes  contains  about  2,500  pages  with  thousands  of  illustrations,  including 
diagrammatic  and  sectional  drawings  with  full  explanatory  details.  This  work  covers  the 
entire  practice  of  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineering.  The  best  known  expert  in  all  branches 
of  engineering  have  contributed  to  these  volumes.  The  Cyclopedia  is  admirably  well  adapted 
to  the  needs  of  the  beginner  and  the  self-taught  practical  man,  as  well  as  the  mechanical  en- 
gineer, designer,  draftsman,  shop  superintendent,  foreman,  and  machinist.  The  work  will  be 
found  a  means  of  advancement  to  any  progressive  man.  It  is  encyclopedic  in  scope,  thorough 
and  practical  in  its  treatment  of  technical  subjects,  simple  and  clear  in  its  descriptive  matter, 
and  without  unnecessary  technicalities  or  formulae.  The  articles  are  as  brief  as  may  be  and 
yet  give  a  reasonably  clear  and  explicit  statement  of  the  subject,  and  are  written  by  men  who 
have  had  ample  practical  experience  in  the  matters  of  which  they  write.  It  tells  you  all  you 
want  to  know  about  engineering  and  tells  it  so  simply,  so  clearly,  so  concisely,  that  one  cannot 
help  but  understand.  As  a  work  of  reference  it  is  without  a  peer.  $6.00  per  volume.  For 
complete  set  of  five  volumes,  price $25.00 

MACHINE  SHOP  ARITHMETIC.     By  COLVIN-CHENEY. 

This  is  an  arithmetic  of  the  things  you  have  to  do  with  daily.  It  tells  you  plainly  about:  how 
to  find  areas  of  figures;  how  to  find  surface  or  volume  of  balls  or  spheres;  handy  ways  for 
calculating;  about  compound  gearing;  cutting  screw  threads  on  any  lathe;  drilling  for  taps; 
speeds  of  drills,  taps,  emery  wheels,  grindstones,  milling  cutters,  etc.;  all  about  the  Metric 
system  with  conversion  tables;  properties  of  metals;  strength  of  bolts  and  nuts;  decimal 
equivalent  of  an  inch.  All  sorts  of  machine  shop  figuring  and  1,001  other  things,  any  one  of 
vraich  ought  to  be  worth  more  than  the  price  of  this  book  to  you,  and  it  saves  you  the  trouble 
of  bothering  the  boss.  6th  Edition.  131  pages.  Price 50  cents 

MODERN  MACHINE  SHOP  CONSTRUCTION,  EQUIPMENT  AND  MANAGEMENT. 
By  OSCAR  E.  PERRIGO. 

The  only  work  published  that  describes  the  Modern  Machine  Shop  or  Manufacturing  Plant  from 
the  time  the  grass  is  growing  on  the  site  intended  for  it  until  the  finished  product  is  shipped. 
Just  the  book  needed  by  those  contemplating  the  erection  of  modern  shop  buildings,  the  re- 
building and  reorganization  of  old  ones,  or  the  introduction  of  Modern  Shop  Methods,  time  and 
cost  systems.  It  is  a  book  written  and  illustrated  by  a  practical  shop  man  for  practical  shop 
men  who  are  too  busy  to  read  theories  and  want  facts.  It  is  the  most  complete  all-around 
book  of  its  kind  ever  published.  400  large  quarto  pages.  225  original  and  specially -made 
illustrations.  Price $5.00 

MECHANICAL  APPLIANCES,  MECHANICAL  MOVEMENTS  AND  NOVELTIES 
OF  CONSTRUCTION.  By  GARDNER  D.  Hiscox. 

This  is  a  supplementary  volume  to  the  one  upon  mechanical  movements.  Unlike  the  Qnt 
volume,  which  is  more  elementary  in  character,  this  volume  contains  illustrations  and  descrip 
tions  of  many  combinations  of  motions  and  of  mechanical  devices  and  appliances  found  in 
different  lines  of  machinery.  Each  device  being  shown  by  a  line  drawing  with  a  description 

20 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 


showing  its  working  parts  and  the  method  of  operation.  From  the  multitude  of  devices  de- 
scribed, and  illustrated,  might  be  mentioned,  in  passing,  such  items  as  conveyors  and  elevators, 
Prony  brakes,  thermometers,  various  types  of  boilers,  solar  engines,  oil-fuel  burners,  condensers, 
evaporators,  Corliss  and  other  valve  gears,  governors,  gas  engines,  water  motors  of  various 
descriptions,  air  ships,  motors  and  dynamos,  automobile  and  motor  bicycles,  railway  block 
signals,  car  couplers,  link  and  gear  motions,  ball  bearings,  breech  block  mechanism  for  heavy 
guns,  and  a  large  accumulation  of  others  of  equal  importance.  1,000  specially  made  engrav- 
ings. 396  octavo  pages.  Price  $3.50 

MECHANICAL  MOVEMENTS,  POWERS,  AND  DEVICES.     By  GARDNER  D.  Hiscox. 

This  is  a  collection  of  1,890  engravings  of  different  mechanical  motions  and  appliances,  accom- 
panied by  appropriate  text,  making  it  a  book  of  great  value  to  the  inventor,  the  draftsman, 
and  to  all  readers  with  mechanical  tastes.  The  book  is  divided  into  eighteen  sections  or 
chapters  in  which  the  subject  matter  is  classified  under  the  following  heads:  Mechanical  Powers; 
Transmission  of  Power;  Measurement  of  Power,  Steam  Power;  Air  Power  Appliances ;  Electric 
Power  and  Construction,  Navigation  and  Roads;  Gearing;  Motion  and  Devices;  Controlling 
Motion;  Horological;  Mining;  Mill  and  Factory  Appliances;  Construction  and  Devices; 
Drafting  Devices:  Miscellaneous  Devices,  etc.  12th  edition.  400  octavo  pages.  Price  $2.50 

MACHINE    SHOP    TOOLS    AND    SHOP    PRACTICE.     By  W.  H.  VANDERVOORT. 

A  work  of  555  pages  and  673  illustrations,  describing  in  every  detail  the  construction,  operation, 
and  manipulation  of  both  hand  and  machine  tools.  Includes  chapters  on  filing,  fitting,  and 
scraping  surfaces ;  on  drills,  reamers,  taps,  and  dies;  the  lathe  and  its  tools;  planers,  shapers, 
and  their  tools:  milling  machines  and  cutters ;  gear  cutters  and  gear  cutting;  drilling  machines 
and  drill  work;  grinding  machines  and  their  work;  hardening  and  tempering;  gearing,  belting 
and  transmission  machinery :  useful  data  and  tables.  6th  edition.  Price  .  .  .  ,  $3.00 

THE    MODERN    MACHINIST.     By  JOHN  T.  USHER. 

This  is  a  book  showing,  by  plain  description  and  by  profuse  engravings,  made  expressly  for 
the  work,  all  that  is  best,  most  advanced,  and  of  the  highest  efficiency  in  modern  machine 
shop  practice,  tools,  and  implements,  showing  the  way  by  which  and  through  which,  as  Mr. 
Maxim  says,  "American  machinists  have  become  and  are  the  finest  mechanics  in  the  world." 
Indicating  as  it  does,  in  every  line,  the  familiarity  of  the  author  with  every  detail  of  daily 
experience  in  the  shop,  it  cannot  fail  to  be  of  service  to  any  man  Dractically  connected  with 
the  shaping  or  finishing  of  metals. 

There  is  nothing  experimental  or  visionary  about  the  book,  all  devices  being  in  actual  use 
and  giving  good  results.  It  might  be  called  a  compendium  of  shop  methods,  showing  a  vari- 
ety of  special  tools  and  appliances  which  will  give  new  ideas  to  many  mechanics,  from  the 
superintendent  down  to  the  man  at  the  bench.  It  will  be  found  a  valuable  addition  to  any 
machinist's  library,  and  should  be  consulted  whenever  a  new  or  difficult  job  is  to  be  done, 
whether  it  is  boring ,  milling,  turning,  or  planing,  as  they  are  all  treated  in  a  practical  manner. 
Fifth  Edition.  320  pages.  250  illustrations.  Price  ...  $2.50 

MODERN  MILLING  MACHINES:  THEIR  DESIGN,  CONSTRUCTION  AND  OPERA- 
TION. By  JOSEPH  G.  HORNER. 

This  book  describes  and  illustrates  the  Milling  Machine  and  its  work  in  such  a  plain,  clear, 
and  forceful  manner,  and  illustrates  the  subject  so  clearly  and  completely,  that  the  up-to-date 
machinist,  student,  or  mechanical  engineer  cannot  afford  to  do  without  the  valuable  infor- 
mation which  it  contains.  It  describes  not  only  the  early  machines  of  this  class,  but  notes 
their  gradual  development  into  the  splendid  machines  of  the  present  day,  giving  the  design 
and  construction  of  the  various  types,  forms,  and  special  features  produced  by  prominent 
manufacturers,  American  and  foreign. 

Milling  cutters  in  all  their  development  and  modernized  forms  are  illustrated  and  described, 
and  the  operations  they  are  capable  of  producing  upon  different  classes  of  work  are  carefully 
described  in  detail,  and  the  speeds  and  feeds  necessary  are  discussed,  and  valuable  and  useful 
data  given  for  determining  these  usually  perplexing  problems.  The  book  is  the  most  compre- 
hensive work  published  on  the  subject.  304  pages.  300  illustrations.  Price  .  .  $4.00 

"SHOP  KINKS."    By  ROBERT  GRIMSHAW. 

A  book  of  400  pages  and  222  illustrations,  being  entirely  different  froiri  any  other  book  on 
machine  shop  practice.  Departing  from  conventional  style,  the  author  avpids  universal  or 
common  shop  usage  and  limits  his  work  to  showing  special  ways  of  doing  things  better,  more 
cheaply  and  more  rapidly  than  usual.  As  a  result  the  advanced  methods  of  representative 
establishments  of  the  world  are  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  reader.  This  book  shows  the 
proprietor  where  large  savings  are  possible,  and  now  products  may  be  improved.  To  the 
employee  it  holds  out  suggestipns  that,  properly  applied,  will  hasten  his  advancement.  No 
shop  can  afford  to  be  without  it.  It  bristles  with  valuable  wrinkles  and  helpful  suggestions. 
It  will  benefit  all,  from  apprentice  to  proprietor.  Every  machinist,  at  any  age.  should  study 
its  pages.  Fifth  Ed'^on.  Price $2.50 

21 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

THREADS  AND  THREAD  CUTTING.     By  COLVIN  and  STABEL. 

This  clears  up  many  of  the  mysteries  of  thread-cutting,  such  as  double  and  triple  threads, 
internal  threads,  catching  threads,  use  of  hobs,  etc.  Contains  a  lot  of  useful  hints  and  several 
tables.  3rd  Edition.  Price 36  cents 

TOOLS  FOR  MACHINISTS  AND  WOOD  WORKERS,  INCLUDING  INSTRUMENTS 
OF  MEASUREMENT.  By  JOSEPH  G.  HORNER. 

The  principles  upon  which  cutting  tools  for  wood,  metal,  and  other  substances  are  made  are 
identical,  whether  used  by  the  machinist,  the  carpenter,  or  by  any  other  skilled  mechanic  in 
their  daily  work,  and  the  object  of  this  book  is  to  give  a  correct  and  practical  description  of 
these  tools  as  they  are  commonly  designed,  constructed,  and  used.  340  pages,  fully  illustrated. 
Price $3.50 

MANUAL   TRAINING 

ECONOMICS   OF   MANUAL   TRAINING.     By  Louis  ROUILLION. 

The  only  book  published  that  gives  just  the  information  needed  by  all  interested  in  Manual 
Training,  regarding  Buildings,  Equipment,  and  Supplies.  Shows  exactly  what  is  needed  for 
all  grades  of  the  work  from  the  Kindergarten  to  the  High  and  Normal  School.  Gives  item- 
ized lists  of  everything  used  in  Manual  Training  Work  and  tells  just  what  it  ought  to  cost. 
Also  shows  where  to  buy  supplies,  etc.  Contains  174  pages,  and  is  fully  illustrated. 
2nd  Edition.  Price  .  .  ,  $1.50 

MARINE   ENGINEERING 

MARINE  ENGINES  AND  BOILERS,  THEIR  DESIGN  AND  CONSTRUCTION.     By 

DR.  G.  BAUER,  LESLIE  S.  ROBERTSON,  and  S.  BRYAN  DONKIN. 

in  the  words  of  Dr.  Bauer,  the  present  work  owes  its  origin  to  an  oft  felt  want  of  a  Condensed 
Treatise,  embodying  the  Theoretical  and  Practical  Rules  used  in  Designing  Marine  Engines 
and  Boilers.  The  need  for  such  a  work  has  been  felt  by  most  engineers  engaged  in  the  con- 
struction and  working  of  Marine  Engines,  not  only  by  the  younger  men,  but  also  by  those  of 
greater  experience.  The  fact  that  the  original  German  work  was  written  by  the  chief  engineer 
of  the  famous  Vulcan  Works,  Stettin,  is  in  itself  a  guarantee  that  this  book  is  in  all  respects 
thoroughly  up-to-date,  and  that  it  embodies  all  the  information  which  is  necessary  for  the 
design  and  construction  of  the  highest  types  of  marine  engines  and  boilers.  It  may  be  said, 
that  the  motive  power  which  Dr.  Bauer  has  placed  in  the  fast  German  liners  that  have  been 
turned  out  of  late  years  from  the  Stettin  Works,  represent  the  very  best  practice  in  marine 
engineering  of  the  present  day. 

This  work  is  clearly  written,  thoroughly  systematic,  theoretically  sound;  while  the  character 
of  its  plans,  drawings,  tables,  and  statistics  is  without  reproach.  The  illustrations  are  care- 
ful reproductions  from  actual  working  drawings,  with  some  well-executed  photographic  views 
of  completed  engines  and  boilers.  744  pages.  550  illustrations  and  numerous  tables. 

$9.00  net 
MODERN  SUBMARINE  CHART. 

A  cross-section  view,  showing  clearly  and  distinctly  all  the  interior  of  a  Submarine  of  the 
latest  type.  You  get  more  information  from  this  chart,  about  the  construction  and  operation 
of  a  Submarine,  than  in  any  other  way.  No  Details  omitted — everything  is  accurate  and  to 
scale.  It  is  absolutely  correct  in  every  detail,  having  been  approved  by  Naval  Engineers. 
All  the  machinery  and  devices  fitted  in  a  modern  Submarine  Boat  are  shown  and  to  make  the 
engraving  more  readily  understood  all  the  features  are  shown  in  operative  form  with  Officers 
and  Men  in  the  act  of  performing  the  duties  assigned  to  them  in  service  conditions.  This 
CHART  IS  REALLY  AN  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  A  SUBMARINE.  It  is  educational 
and  worth  many  times  its  cost.  Mailed  in  a  Tube  for 25  cents 

MINING 

ORE  DEPOSITS,  WITH  A  CHAPTER  ON  HINTS  TO   PROSPECTORS.     By  J.  P. 

JOHNSON 

This  book  gives  a  condensed  account  of  the  ore-deposits  at  present  known  in  South  Africa. 
It  is  also  intended  as  a  guide  to  the  prospector.  Only  an  elementary  knowledge  of  geology 
and  some  mining  experience  are  necessary  in  order  to  understand  this  work.  With  these 
qualifications,  it  will  materially  assist  one  in  his  search  for  metalliferous  mineral  occurrences 

22 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

and,  so  far  as  simple  ores  are  concerned,  should  enable  one  to  form  some  idea  of  the  possi- 
bilities of  any  he  may  find. 

Among  the  chapters  given  are:  Titaniferous  and  Chromiferous  Iron  Oxides — Nickel — Cop- 
per— uobalt — Tin — Molybdenum — Tungsten — Lead — Mercury — Antimony — Iron — Hints  to 
Prospectors. $2.00 

PHYSICS   AND   CHEMISTRY  OF  MINING.     By  T.  H.  BYROM. 

A  practical  work  for  the  use  of  all  preparing  for  examinations  in  mining  or  qualifying  for 
colliery  managers'  certificates.  The  aim  of  the  author  in  this  excellent  book  is  to  place  clearly 
before  the  reader  useful  and  authoritative  data  which  will  render  him  valuable  assistance  in 
his  studies.  The  only  work  of  its  kind  published.  The  information  incorporated  in  it  will 
prove  of  the  greatest  practical  utility  to  students,  mining  engineers,  colliery  managers,  and 
all  others  who  are  specially  interested  in  the  present-day  treatment  of  mining  problems. 
Among  its  contents  are  chapters  on:  The  Atmosphere;  Laws  Relating  to  the  Benavior  of 
Gases;  The  Diffusion  of  Gases;  Composition  of  the  Atmosphere:  Sundry  Constituents  of  the 
Atmosphere;  Water;  Carbon;  Fire-Damp;  Combustion;  Coal  Dust  and  Its  Action;  Ex- 
plosives; Composition  of  Various  Coals  and  Fuels;  Methods  of  Analysis  of  Coal;  Strata  Ad- 
joining the  Coal  Measures;  Magnetism  and  Electricity;  Appendix;  Useful  Tables,  etc.; 
Miscellaneous  Questions.  160  pages.  Illustrated $2.00 

PRACTICAL   COAL   MINING.     By  T.  H.  COCKIN. 

An  important  work,  containing  428  pages  and  213  illustrations,  complete  with  practical  de- 
tails, which  will  intuitively  impart  to  the  reader,  not  only  a  general  knowledge  of  the  princi- 
ples of  coal  mining,  but  also  considerable  insight  into  allied  subjects.  This  treatise  is  posi- 
tively up  to  date  in  every  instance,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  colliery  engineer, 
geologist,  mine  operator,  superintendent,  foreman,  and  all  others  who  are  interested  in  or 
connected  with  the  industry.  2nd  Edition $2.50 

PATTERN  MAKING 

PRACTICAL  PATTERN  MAKING.     By  F.  W.  BARROWS. 

This  is  a  very  complete  and  entirely  practical  treatise  on  the  subject  of  pattern  making,  illus- 
trating pattern  work  in  wood  and  metal.  From  its  pages  you  are  taught  just  what  you  should 
know  about  pattern  making.  It  contains  a  detailed  description  of  the  materials  used  by 
pattern  makers,  also  the  tools,  both  those  for  hand  use,  and  the  more  interesting  machine 
tools;  having  complete  chapters  on  the  band  saw,  The  Buzz  Saw,  and  the  Lathe.  Individual 
patterns  of  many  different  kinds  are  fully  illustrated  and  described,  and  the  mounting  of 
metal  patterns  on  plates  for  molding  machines  is  included. 

Rules.  Formulas  and  Tables  are  included,  containing  simple  and  original  methods  for  finding 
the  weight  of  castings,  both  from  the  pattern  itself  and  from  the  drawings.  This  section 
contains  some  new  and  practical  formulas,  which  will  be  found  very  useful  in  estimating 
weights,  with  the  accuracy  required  for  quotations  to  prospective  customers.  All  of  these 
rules  are  simple,  and  can  be  put  to  practical  use  by  the  ordinary,  every-day  man,  and  they 
have  been  proved  by  years  of  actual  use. 

Plain  rules  for  keeping  down  the  cost  of  patterns,  with  a  complete  system  for  checking  the 
cost  of  and  marking  the  patterns,  and  a  card  record  showing  what  the  pattern  is,  material 
used,  where  located  in  safe,  with  its  cost  and  date  of  prodiiction,  is  included.  The  book  closes 
with  an  original  and  practical  method  for  the  inventory  and  valuation  of  patterns.  Con- 
iaining  326  pages  and  150  detailed  illustrations.  Price $2.00 

PERFUMERY 

HENLEY'S  TWENTIETH  CENTURY  BOOK  OF  RECEIPTS,  FORMULAS  AND  PRO- 
CESSES. Edited  by  G.  D.  Hiscox. 

The  most  valuable  Techno-chemical  Receipt  Book  published.  Contains  over  10,000  practical 
receipts,  many  of  which  will  prove  of  special  value  to  the  perfumer,  a  mine  of  information,  up- 
to-date  in  every  respect.  Price,  Cloth,  $3. OO;  half  morocco  $4.00 

PERFUMES  AND  THEIR  PREPARATION.  By  G.  W.  ASKINSON,  Perfumer. 
A  comprehensive  treatise,  in  which  there  has  been  nothing  omitted  that  could  be  of  value 
to  the  Perfumer.  Complete  directions  for  making  handkerchief  perfumes,  smelling-salts, 
sachets,  fumigating  pastilles:  preparations  for  the  care  of  the  skin,  the  mouth,  the  hair,  cos- 
metics, hair  dyes  and  other  toilet  articles  are  given,  also  a  detailed  description  of  aromatic 
suostances:  their  nature,  tests  of  purity,  and  wholesale  manufacture.  A  book  of  general, 
as  well  as  professional  interest,  meeting  the  wants  not  only  of  the  druggist  and  perfume  man- 
ufacturer, but  also  of  the  general  public.  Third  edition.  312  pages.  Illustrated.  .  $3.0O 

23 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

PLUMBING 

MECHANICAL  DRAWING  FOR  PLUMBERS.  By  R.  M.  STARBUCK. 
A  concise,  comprehensive  and  practical  treatise  on  the  subject  of  mechanical  drawing  in  its 
various  modern  applications  to  the  work  of  all  who  are  in  any  way  connected  with  *he 
plumbing  trade.  Nothing  will  so  help  the  plumber  in  estimating  and  in  explaining  work  to 
customers  and  workmen  as  a  knowledge  of  drawing,  and  to  the  workman  it  is  of  inestimable 
value  if  he  is  to  rise  above  his  position  to  positions  of  greater  responsibility.  Among  the 
chapters  contained  are:  1.  Value  to  plumber  of  knowledge  of  drawing;  tools  required 
and  their  use;  common  views  needed  in  mechanical  drawing.  2.  Perspective  versus  mechan- 
ical drawing  in  showing  plumbing  construction.  3.  Correct  and  incorrect  methods  in 
plumbing  drawing;  plan  and  elevation  explained.  3.  Floor  and  cellar  plans  and  elevation; 
scale  drawings;  use  of  triangles.  5.  Use  of  triangles;  drawing  of  fittings,  traps,  etc.  6. 
Drawing  plumbing  elevations  and  fittings.  7.  Instructions  in  drawing  plumbing  elevations. 
8.  The  drawing  of  plumbing  fixtures;  scale  drawings.  9.  Drawing  of  fixtures  and  fittings. 
10.  Inking  of  drawings.  11.  Shading  of  drawings.  12.  Shading  of  drawings.  13.  Sec- 
tional drawings;  drawing  of  threads.  14.  Plumbing  elevations  from  architect's  plan. 
15.  Elevations  of  separate  parts  of  the  plumbing  system.  16.  Elevations  from  architect's 
plans.  17.  Drawing  of  detail  plumbing  connections.  18.  Architect's  plans  and  plumbing 
elevations  of  residence.  19.  Plumbing  elevations  of  residence  (continued);  plumbing  plans 
for  cottage.  20.  Plumbing  elevations;  roof  connections.  21.  Plans  and  plumbing  eleva- 
tions for  six-flat  building.  22.  Drawing  of  various  parts  of  the  plumbing  system;  use  of 
scales.  23.  Use  of  architect's  scales.  24.  Special  features  in  the  illustrations  of  country 
plumbing.  25.  Drawing  of  wrought  iron  piping,  valves,  radiators,  coils,  etc.  26.  Drawing 
of  piping  to  illustrate  heating  systems.  150  illustrations.  Price $1.50 

MODERN  PLUMBING  ILLUSTRATED.     By  R.  M.  STARBUCK. 

This  book  represents  the  highest  standard  of  plumbing  work.  It  has  been  adopted  and  used 
as  a  reference  book  by  the  United  States  Government,  in  its  sanitary  work  in  Cuba,  Porto 
Rico,  and  the  Philippines,  and  by  the  principal  Boards  of  Health  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada. 

It  gives  connections,  sizes  and  working  data  for  all  fixtures  and  groups  of  fixtures.  It  is 
helpful  to  the  master  plumber  in  demonstrating  to  his  customers  and  in  figuring  work.  It 
gives  the  mechanic  and  student  quick  and  easy  access  to  the  best  modern  plumbing  practice. 
Suggestions  for  estimating  plumbing  construction  are  contained  in  its  pages.  This  book 
represents,  in  a  word,  the  latest  and  best  up-to-date  practice,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
every  architect,  sanitary  engineer  and  plumber  who  wishes  to  keep  himself  up  to  the  minute 
on  this  important  feature  of  construction.  Contains  following  chapters,  each  illustrated 
with  a  full-page  plate:  Kitchen  sink,  laundry  tubs,  vegetable  wash  sink;  lavatories, 
pantry  sinks,  contents  of  marble  slabs;  bath  tub,  foot  and  sitz  bath,  shower  bath;  water 
closets,  venting  of  water  closets;  low-down  water  closets,  water  closets  operated  by  flush 
valves,  water  closet  range;  slop  sink,  urinals,  the  bidet;  hotel  and  restaurant  sink,  grease 
trap;  refrigerators,  safe  wastes,  laundry  waste;  lines  of  refrigerators,  bar  sinks,  soda  foun- 
tain sinks;  horse  stall,  frost-proof  water  closets;  connections  for  S  traps,  venting;  con- 
nections for  drum  traps;  soil  pipe  connections;  supporting  of  soil  pipe;  main  trap  and 
fresh  air  inlet;  floor  drains  and  cellar  drains,  subsoil  drainage;  water  closets  and  floor 
connections;  local  venting;  connections  for  bath  rooms ;  connections  for  bath  rooms,  con- 
tinued; connections  for  bath  rooms,  continued;  connections  for  bath  rooms,  continued; 
examples  of  poor  practice;  roughing- work  ready  for  test;  testing  of  plumbing  system; 
method  of  continuous  venting;  continuous  venting  for  two-floor  work;  continuous  venting 
for  two  lines  of  fixtures  on  three  or  more  floors ;  continuous  venting  of  water  closets ;  plumb- 
ing for  cottage  house;  construction  for  cellar  piping;  plumbing  for  residence,  use  of  special 
fittings;  plumbing  for  two-flat  house;  plumbing  for  apartment  building;  plumbing  for 
double  apartment  building;  plumbing  for  office  building;  plumbing  for  public  toilet  rooms; 
plumbing  for  public  toilet  rooms,  continued;  plumbing  for  bath  establishment;  plumbing 
for  engine  house,  factory  plumbing ;  automatic  flushing  for  schools,  factories,  etc.;  use  of 
flushing  valves;  urinals  for  public  toilet  rooms;  the  Durham  system,  the  destruction  of 
pipes  by  electrolysis;  construction  of  work  without  use  of  lead;  Automatic  sewage  lift, 
automatic  sump  tank;  country  plumbing;  construction  of  cesspools;  septic  tank  and  auto- 
matic sewage  siphon;  country  plumbing;  water  supply  for  country  house;  thawing  of 
water  mains  and  service  by  electricity;  double  boilers;  hot  water  supply  of  large  build- 
ings; automatic  control  of  hot  water  tank;  suggestions  for  estimating  plumbing  construc- 
tion. 400  octavo  pages,  fully  illustrated  by  55  full-page  engravings.  Price  .  $4.00 

STANDARD  PRACTICAL  PLUMBING.     By  R.  M.  STARBUCK. 

A  complete  practical  treatise  of  450  pages  covering  the  subject  of  Modern  Plumbing 
in  all  its  branches,  a  large  amount  of  space  being  devoted  to  a  very  complete  and  practical 
treatment  of  the  subject  of  Hot  Water  Supply  and  Circulation  and  Range  Boiler  Work. 
Its  thirty  chapters  include  about  every  phase  of  the  subject  one  can  think  of,  making  it 

24 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

an  indispensable  work  to  the  master  plumber,  the  journeyman  plumber,  and  the  apprentice 
plumber,  containing  chapters  on:  the  plumber's  tools;  wiping  solder,  composition  and  use; 
joint  wiping;  lead  work;  traps;  siphonage  of  traps;  venting;  continuous  venting;  house 
sewer  and  sewer  connections;  house  drain;  soil  piping,  roughing;  main  trap  and  fresh  air 
inlet;  floor,  yard,  cellar  drains,  rain  leaders,  etc. ;  fixture  wastes:  water  closets ;  ventilation; 
improved  plumbing  connections;  residence  plumbing;  plumbing  for  hotels,  schools,  fac- 
tories, stables,  etc.;  modern  country  plumbing;  filtration  of  sewage  and  water  supply; 
hot  and  cold  supply;  range  boilers;  circulation;  circulating  pipes;  range  boiler  problems; 
hot  water  for  large  buildings;  water  lift  and  its  use;  multiple  connections  for  hot  water 
boilers;  heating  of  radiation  by  supply  system;  theory  for  the  plumber;  drawing  for  the 
plumber.  Fully  illustrated  by  347  engravings.  Price $3.00 

RECEIPT  BOOK 

HENLEY'S  TWENTIETH  CENTURY  BOOK  OF  RECEIPTS,  FORMULAS  AND  PRO- 
CESSES. Edited  by  GARDNER  D.  Hiscox. 

The  most  valuable  Techno-chemical  Receipt  Book  published,  including  over  10,000  selected 
scientific,  chemical,  technological,  and  practical  receipts  and  processes. 
This  is  the  most  complete  Book  of  Receipts  ever  published,  giving  thousands  of  receipts  for 
the  manufacturer  of  valuable  articles  for  everyday  use.  Hints,  Helps,  Practical  Ideas,  and 
Secret  Processes  are  revealed  within  its  pages.  It  covers  every  branch  of  the  useful  arts  and 
tells  thousands  of  ways  of  making  money  and  is  just  the  book  everyone  should  have  at  his 
command. 

Modern  in  its  treatment  of  every  subject  that  properly  falls  within  its  scope,  the  book  may 
truthfully  be  said  to  present  the  very  latest  formulas  to  be  found  in  the  arts  and  industries 
and  to  retain  those  processes  which  long  experience  has  proven  worthy  of  a  permanent  record. 
To  present  here  even  a  limited  number  of  the  subjects  which  find  a  place  in  this  valuable 
work  would  be  difficult.  Suffice  to  say  that  in  its  pages  will  be  found  matter  of  intense  in- 
terest and  immeasurable  practical  value  to  the  scientific  amateur  and  to  him  who  wishes  to 
obtain  a  knowledge  of  the  many  processes  used  in  the  arts,  trades  and  manufactures,  a 
knowledge  which  will  render  his  pursuits  more  instructive  and  remunerative.  Serving  as  a 
reference  book  to  the  small  and  large  manufacturer  and  suppplying  intelligent  seekers  with 
the  information  necessary  to  conduct  a  process,  the  work  will  be  found  of  inestimable  worth 
to  the  Metallurgist,  the  Photographer,  the  Perfumer,  the  Painter,  the  Manufacturer  of 
Glues,  Pastes,  Cements,  and  Mucilages,  the  Compounder  of  Alloys,  the  Cook,  the  Physician, 
the  Druggist,  the  Electrician,  the  Brewer,  the  Engineer,  the  Foundryman,  the  Machinist, 
the  Potter,  the  Tanner,  the  Confectioner,  the  Chiropodist,  the  Manicure.  *.he  Manufacturer 
of  Chemical  Novelties  and  Toilet  Preparations,  the  Dyer,  the  Electroplater.  the  Enameler, 
the  Engraver,  the  Provisioner,  the  Glass  'Vorker,  the  Goldbeater,  the  Watchmaker,  the  Jew- 
eler, the  Hat  Maker,  the  Ink  Manufacturer,  the  Optician,  the  Farmer,  the  Dairyman,  the 
Paper  Maker,  the  Wood  and  Metal  Worker,  the  Chandler  and  Soap  Maker,  the  Veterinary 
Surgeon,  and  the  Technologist  in  general. 

A  mine  of  information,  and  up-to-date  in  every  respect.  A  book  which  will  prove  of  value 
to  EVERYONE,  as  it  covers  every  branch  of  the  Useful  Arts.  800  pages.  Price  $3.00 

WHAT    IS    SAID    OF   THIS   BOOK: 


"  Your  Twentieth  Century  Book  of  Receipts,  Formulas  and  Processes  duly  received.  I  am 
glad  to  have  a  copy  of  it,  and  if  I  could  not  replace  it  money  couldn't  buy  it.  It  is  the  best 
thing  of  the  sort  I  ever  saw."  (Signed)  M.  E.  TKUX, 

Soarta,  Wis. 

'  There  are  few  persons  who  would  not  be  able  to  find  in  the  book  some  single  formula  that 
would  repay  several  times  the  cost  of  the  book." — Merchant's  Record  and  Show  Window. 

RUBBER 

RUBBER  HAND  STAMPS  AND  THE  MANIPULATION  OF  INDIA  RUBBER.  By 
T.  O'CoNOR  SLOANE. 

This  book  gives  full  details  on  all  points,  treating  in  a  concise  and  simple  manner  the  elements 
of  nearly  everything  it  is  necessary  to  understand  for  a  commencement  in  any  branch  of  the 
India  Rubber  Manufacture.  The  making  of  all  kinds  of  Rubber  Hand  Stamps,  Small  Articles 
of  India  Rubber,  U.  S.  Government  Composition,  Dating  Hand  Stamps,  the  Manipulation 
of  Sheet  Rubber,  Toy  Balloons,  India  Rubber  Solutions,  Cements,  Blackings,  Renovating 

25 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

Varnish,  and  Treatment  for  India  RuDber  Shoes,  etc.;  the  Hektograph  Stamp  Inks,  and 
Miscellaneous  Notes,  with  a  Short  Account  of  the  Discovery,  Collection,  and  Manufacture  of 
India  Rubber  are  set  forth  in  a  manner  designed  to  be  readily  understood,  the  explanations 
being  plain  and  simple.  Including  a  chapter  on  Rubber  Tire  Making  and  Vulcanizing;  also  « 
chapter  on  the  uses  of  rubber  in  Surgery  and  Dentistry.  Third  revised  ana  enlarged  edition 
175  pages.  Illustrated $1.00 

SAWS 

SAW  FILINGS  AND  MANAGEMENT  OF  SAWS.     By  ROBERT  GRIMSHAW. 

A  practical  hand  book  on  filing,  gumming,  swaging,  hammering,  and  the  brazing  of  band  saws, 
the  speed,  work,  and  power  to  run  circular  saws,  etc.  A  handy  book  for  those  who  have  charge 
of  saws,  or  for  those  mechanics  who  do  their  own  filing,  as  it  deals  with  the  proper  shape  and 
pitches  of  saw  teeth  of  all  kinds  and  gives  many  useful  hints  and  rules  for  gumming,  setting, 
and  filing,  and  is  a  practical  aid  to  those  who  use  saws  for  any  purpose.  New  edition,  revised 
and  enlarged.  Illustrated.  Price $1.00 

STEAM  ENGINEERING 

AMERICAN   STATIONARY  ENGINEERING.     By  W.  E.  CRANE. 

This  book  begins  at  the  boiler  room  and  takes  in  the  whole  power  plant.  A  plain  talk  on 
every-day  work  about  engines,  boilers,  and  their  accessories.  It  is  not  intended  to  be  scien- 
tific or  mathematical.  All  formulas  are  in  simple  form  so  that  any  one  understanding  plain 
arithmetic  can  readily  understand  any  of  them.  The  author  has  made  this  the  most  prac- 
tical book  in  print;  has  given  the  results  of  his  years  of  experience,  and  has  included  about 
all  that  has  to  do  with  an  engine  room  or  a  power  plant.  You  are  not  left  to  guess  at  a  single 
ooint.  You  are  shown  clearly  what  to  expect  under  the  various  conditions ;  how  to  secure 
the  best  results;  ways  of  preventing  "shut  downs"  and  repairs;  in  short,  all  that  goes  to 
make  up  the  requirements  of  a  good  engineer,  capable  of  taking  charge  of  a  plant.  It's  plain 
enough  for  practical  men  and  yet  of  value  to  those  high  in  the  profession. 
\  partial  list  of  contents  is:  The  boiler  room,  cleaning  boilers,  firing,  feeding;  pumps; 
jnspection  and  repair;  chimneys,  sizes  and  cost;  piping;  mason  work;  foundations;  testing 
cement;  -pile  driving;  engines,  slow  and  high  speed;  valves;  valve  setting ;  Corliss  engines, 
setting  valves,  single  and  double  eccentric;  air  pumps  and  condensers;  different  types  of 
condensers;  water  needed;  lining  up;  pounds;  pins  not  square  in  crosshead  or  crank; 
engineers' tools;  pistons  and  piston  rings ;  bearing  metal ;  hardened  copper ;  drip  pipes  from 
cylinder  jackets;  belts,  how  made,  care  of;  oils;  greases;  testing  lubricants;  rules  and 
tables,  including  steam  tables;  areas  of  segments;  squares  and  square  root;  cubes  and  cube 
root;  areas  and  circumferences  of  circles.  Notes  on:  Brick  work;  explosions;  pumps; 
pump  valves;  heaters,  economizers;  safety  valves ;  lap,  lead,  and  clearance.  Has  a  complete 
examination  for  a  license,  etc.,  etc.  Second  edition.  285  pages.  Illustrated.  Price  .  $2.00 

EMINENT  ENGINEERS.     By  DWIGHT  GODDARD. 

Everyone  who  appreciates  the  effect  of  such  great  inventions  as  the  Steam  Engine,  Steamboat, 
Locomotive,  Sewing  Machine,  Steel  Working,  and  other  fundamental  discoveries,  is  interested 
hi  knowing  a  little  about  the  men  who  made  them  and  their  achievements. 
Mr.  Goddard  has  selected  thirty-two  of  the  world's  engineers  who  have  contributed  most 
largely  to  the  advancement  of  our  civilization  by  mechanical  means,  giving  only  such  facts  as 
are  of  general  interest  and  in  a  way  which  appeals  to  all,  whether  mechanics  or  not.  28C 
pages.  35  illustrations.  Price $1.50 

ENGINE  RUNNER'S  CATECHISM.     By  ROBERT  GRIMSHAW. 

A  practical  treatise  for  the  stationary  engineer,  telling  how  to  erect,  adjust  and  run  the  prin- 
cipal steam  engines  in  use  in  the  United  States.  Describing  the  principal  features  of  various 
special  and  well-known  makes  of  engines:  Temper  Cut-off,  Shipping  and  Receiving  Founda- 
tions, Erecting  and  Starting,  Valve  Setting,  Care  and  Use,  Emergencies,  Erecting  and  Ad- 
justing Special  Engines. 

The  questions  asked  throughout  the  catechism  are  plain  and  to  the  point,  and  the  answers 
are  given  in  such  simple  language  as  to  be  readily  understood  by  anyone.  All  the  instructions 
given  are  complete  and  up-to-date;  and  they  are  written  in  a  popular  style,  without  any 
technicalities  or  mathematical  formulae.  The  work  is  of  a  handy  size  for  the  pocket,  clearly 
and  well  printed,  nicely  bound,  and  profusely  illustrated.  To  young  engineers  this  catechism 

26 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

will  be  of  great  value;  especially  to  those  whu  may  be  preparing  to  go  forward  to  be  examined 
for  certifi  ates  of  competency;  and  to  engineers  generally  it  will  be  of  no  little  service,  as  they 
will  find  in  this  volume  more  really  practical  and  useful  information  than  is  to  be  found  any- 
where else  within  a  like  compass.  387  pages.  Seventh  edition.  Price  ....  $2.00 

ENGINE  TESTS   AND  BOILER  EFFICIENCIES.     By  J.  BUCHETTI. 

This  work  fully  describes  and  illustrates  the  method  of  testing  the  power  of  steam  engines, 
turbines  and  explosive  motors.  The  properties  of  steam  and  the  evaporative  power  of  fuels. 
Combustion  of  fuel  and  chimney  draft;  with  formulas  explained  or  practically  computed 
255  pages,  179  illustrations $3.00 

HORSEPOWER  CHART. 

Shows  the  horsepower  of  any  stationary  engine  without  calculation.  No  matter  what  the 
cylinder  diameter  of  stroke;  the  steam  pressure  or  cut  off;  the  revolutions,  or  whether  con- 
densing or  non-condensing,  it's  all  there.  Easy  to  use,  accurate,  and  saves  time  and  calcu- 
lations. Especially  useful  to  engineers  and  designers 50  cents 

MODERN  STEAM  ENGINEERING  IN  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE.  By  GARDNER 
D.  Hiscox. 

This  is  a  complete  and  practical  work  issued  for  Stationary  Engineers  and  firemen  dealing 
with  the  care  and  management  of  boilers,  engines,  pumps,  superheated  steam,  refrigerating 
machinery,  dynamos,  motors,  elevators,  air  compressors,  and  all  other  branches  with  which 
the  modern  engineer  must  be  familiar.  Nearly  200  questions  with  their  answers  on  steam 
and  electrical  engineering,  likely  to  be  asked  by  the  Examining  Board,  are  included. 
Among  the  chapters  are:  Historical;  steam  and  its  properties;  appliances  for  the  genera- 
tion of  steam;  types  of  boilers;  chimney  and  its  work;  heat  economy  of  the  feed  water; 
steam  pumps  and  their  work ;  incrustation  and  its  work ;  steam  above  atmospheric  pressure ; 
flow  of  steam  from  nozzles;  superheated  steam  and  its  work;  adiabatic  expansion  of  steam; 
indicator  and  its  work;  steam  engine  proportions;  slide  valve  engines  and  valve  motion; 
Corliss  engine  and  its  valve  gear;  compound  engine  and  its  theory;  triple  and  multiple 
expansion  engine,  steam  turbine;  refrigeration;  elevators  and  their  management;  cost 
of  power;  steam  engine  troubles;  electric  power  and  electric  plants.  487  pages.  405  en- 
gravings. Price  .  .  • $3.00 

STEAM   ENGINE   CATECHISM.     By  ROBERT  GRIMSHAW. 

This  unique  volume  of  413  pages  is  not  only  a  catechism  on  the  question  and  answer  princi- 
ple; but  it  contains  formulas  and  worked-oift  answers  for  all  the  Steam  problems  that  apper- 
tain to  the  operation  and  management  of  the  Steam  Engine.  Illustrations  of  various  valves 
and  valve  gear  with  their  principles  of  operation  are  given.  Thirty-four  Tables  that  are 
indispensable  to  every  engineer  and  fireman  that  wishes  to  be  progressive  and  is  ambitious  to 
become  master  of  his  calling  are  within  its  pages.  It  is  a  most  valuable  instructor  in  the 
service  of  Steam  Engineering.  Leading  engineers  have  recommended  it  as  a  valuable  educa- 
tor for  the  beginner  as  well  as  a  reference  book  for  the  engineer.  It  is  thoroughly  indexed 
for  every  detail.  Every  essential  question  on  the  Steam  Engine  with  its  answer  is  contained 
in  this  valuable  work.  Sixteenth  edition.  Price $2.00 

STEAM  ENGINEER'S  ARITHMETIC.     By  COLVIN-CHENEY. 

A  practical  pocket  book  for  the  steam  engineer.  Shows  how  to  work  the  problems  of  the 
engine  room  and  shows  "why."  Tells  how  to  figure  horse-power  of  engines  and  boilers;  area 
of  boilers ;  has  tables  of  areas  and  circumferences ;  steam  tables ;  has  a  dictionary  of  engineering 
terms.  Puts  you  on  to  all  all  of  the  little  kinks  in  figuring  whatever  there  is  to  figure  around 
a  p9wer  plant.  Tells  you  about  the  heat  unit;  absolute  zero;  adiabatic  expansion;  duty  ol 
engines;  factor  of  safety;  and  1,001  other  things;  and  everything  is  plain  and  simple — not 
the  hardest  way  to  figure,  but  the  easiest.  2nd  Edition 50  cents 

STEAM  HEATING  AND  VENTILATION 

PRACTICAL  STEAM,  HOT- WATER  HEATING  AND  VENTILATION.  By  A.  G. 
KING. 

This  book  is  the  standard  and  latest  work  published  on  the  subject  and  has  been  prepared  for 
the  use  of  all  engaged  in  the  business  of  steam,  hot  water  heating,  and  ventilation.  It  is  an 
original  and  exhaustive  work.  Tells  how  to  get  heating  contracts,  how  to  install  heating  and 
Tentilating  apparatus,  the  best  business  methods  to  be  used,  with  "Tricks  of  the  Trade"  for 

27 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 


shop  use.  Rules  and  data  for  estimating  radiation  and  cost  and  such  tables  and  information 
as  make  it  an  indispensable  work  for  everyone  interested  in  steam,  hot  water  heating,  and  venti- 
lation. It  describes  all  the  principal  systems  of  steam,  hot  water,  vacuum,  vapor,  and  vacuum- 
vapor  heating,  together  with  the  new  accelerated  systems  of  hot  water  circulation,  including 
chapters  on  up-to-date  methods  of  ventilation  and  the  fan  or  blower  system  of  heating  and 
ventilation.  Containing  chapters  on:  I.  Introduction.  II.  Heat.  III.  Evolution  of 
artificial  heating  apparatus.  IV.  Boiler  surface  and  settings.  V.  The  chimney  flue.  VI. 
Pipe  and  fittings.  VII.  Valves,  various  kinds.  VIII.  Forms  of  radiating  surfaces.  IX. 
Locating  of  radiating  surfaces.  X.  Estimating  radiation.  XI.  Steam-heating  apparatus. 
XII.  Exhaust-steam  heating.  XIII.  Hot-water  heating.  XIV.  Pressure  systems  of  hot- 
water  work.  XV.  Hot-water  appliances.  XVI.  Greenhouse  heating.  XVII.  Vacuum 
•"•apor  and  vacuum  exhaust  heating.  XVIII.  Miscellaneous  heating.  XIX.  Radiator  and 
pipe  connections.  XX.  Ventilation.  XXI.  Mechanical  ventilation  and  hot-blast  heating. 
XXII.  Steam  appliances.  XXIII.  District  heating.  XXIV.  Pipe  and  boiler  covering. 
XXV.  Temperature  regulation  and  heat  control.  XXVI.  Business  methods.  XXVII. 
Miscellaneous.  XXVIII.  Rules,  tables  and  useful  information.  367  pages.  300  detailed 
engravings.  Price $3.00 

STEAM  PIPES 


STEAM   PIPES:  THEIR   DESIGN   AND    CONSTRUCTION.     By   WM.  H.  BOOTH. 

The  work  is  well  illustrated  in  regard  to  pipe  joints,  expansion  offsets,  flexible  joints,  and 
self-contained  sliding  joints  for  taking  up  the  expansion  of  long  pipes.  In  fact,  the  chapters 
on  the  flow  of  steam  and  expansion  of  pipes  are  most  valuable  to  all  steam  fitters  and  users. 
The  pressure  strength  of  pipes  and  method  of  hanging  them  are  well  treated  and  illustrated. 
Valves  and  by-passes  are  fully  illustrated  and  described,  as  are  also  flange  joints  and  their 
proper  proportions,  exhaust  heads  and  separators.  One  of  the  most  valuable  chanters  is  that 
on  superheated  steam  and  the  saving  of  steam  by  insulation  with  the  various  kinds  of  felt- 
ing and  other  materials  with  C9mparison  tables  of  the  loss  of  heat  in  thermal  units  from  naked 
and  felted  steam  pipes.  Contains  187  pages.  Price $2.00 

STEEL 

AMERICAN  STEEL  WORKER.     By  E.  R.  MAKKHAM. 

This  book  tells  how  to  select,  and  how  to  work,  temper,  harden,  and  anneal  steel  for  everything 
on  earth.  It  doesn't  tell  how  to  temper  one  class  of  tools  and  then  leave  the  treatment  of 
another  kind  of  tool  to  your  imagination  and  judgment,  but  it  gives  careful  instructions  for 
every  detail  of  every  tool,  whether  it  be  a  tap,  a  reamer  or  just  a  screw-driver.  It  tells  about 
the  tempering  of  small  watch  springs,  the  hardening  of  cutlery,  and  the  annealing  of  dies.  In 
fact  there  isn't  a  thing  that  a  steel  worker  would  want  to  know  that  isn't  included.  It  is  the 
standard  book  on  selecting,  hardening,  and  tempering  all  grades  of  steel.  Among  the 
chapter  headings  might  be  mentioned  the  following  subjects:  Introduction;  the  workman; 
steel;  methods  of  heating ;  heating  tool  steel;  forging;  annealing;  hardening  baths;  baths 
for  hardening;  hardening  steel;  drawing  the  temper  after  hardening;  examples  of  hard- 
ening; pack  hardening;  case  hardening;  spring  tempering;  making  tools  of  machine  steel; 
special  steels;  steel  for  various  tools;  causes  of  trouble;  high  speed  steels,  etc.  366  pages. 
Very  fully  illustrated.  3rd  Edition.  Price $2.50 

HARDENING,  TEMPERING,  ANNEALING,  AND  FORGING  OF  STEEL.   By  J.  V. 

WOODWORTH. 

A  new  work  treating  in  a  clear,  concise  manner  all  modern  processes  for  the  heating,  annealing 
forging,  welding,  hardening,  and  tempering  of  steel,  making  it  a  book  of  great  practical  value 
to  the  metal-working  mechanic  in  general,  with  special  directions  for  the  successful  hardening 
and  tempering  of  all  steel  tools  used  in  the  arts,  including  milling  cutters,  taps,  thread  dies, 
reamers,  both  solid  and  shell,  hollow  mills,  punches  and  dies,  and  all  kinds  of  sheet  metal 
working  tools,  shear  blades,  saws,  fine  cutlery,  and  metal  cutting  tools  of  all  description,  as 
well  as  for  all  implements  of  steel  both  large  and  small.  In  this  work  the  simplest  and  most 
satisfactory  hardening  and  tempering  processes  are  given. 

The  uses  to  which  the  leading  brands  of  steel  may  be  adapted  are  concisely  presented,  and  their 
treatment  for  working  under  different  conditions  explained,  also  the  special  methods  for  the 
hardening  and  tempering  of  special  brands. 

A  chapter  devoted  to  the  different  processes  for  Case-hardening  is  also  included,  and  special 
reference  made  to  the  adoption  of  machinery  steel  for  tools  of  various  kinds.  4th  Edition.  288 
pages.  201  Illustrations.  Price $2.50 

28 


CATALOGUE  OF  GOOD,  PRACTICAL  BOOKS 

TURBINES 

MARINE  STEAM  TURBINES.  By  DR.  G.  BAUER  and  O.  LASCHE.  Assisted  by 
E.  Ludwig  and  H.  Vogel.  Translated  from  the  German  and  edited  by  M.  G.  S. 
Swallow. 

This  work  forms  a  supplementary  volume  to  the  book  entitled  "  Marine  Engines  and  Boilers." 
The  authors  of  this  book,  Dr.  G.  Bauer  and  O.  Lasche,  may  be  regarded  as  the  leading 
authorities  on  turbine  construction. 

The  book  is  essentially  practical  and  discusses  turbines  in  which  the  full  expansion  of  steam 
passes  through  a  number  of  separate  turbines  arranged  for  driving  two  or  more  shafts,  as 
in  the  Parsons  system,  and  turbines  in  which  the  complete  expansion  of  steam  from  inlet 
to  exhaust  pressure  occurs  in  a  turbine  on  one  shaft,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Curtis  machines. 
It  will  enable  a  designer  to  carry  out  all  the  ordinary  calculations  necessary  for  the  con- 
struction of  steam  turbines,  hence  it  fills  a  want  which  is  hardly  met  by  larger  and  more 
theoretical  works. 

Numerous  tables,  curves  and  diagrams  will  be  found,  which  explain  with  remarkable  lucidity 
the  reason  why  turbine  blades  are  designed  as  they  are,  the  course  which  steam  takes  through 
turbines  of  various  types,  the  thermodynamics  of  steam  turbine  calculation,  the  influence 
of  vacuum  on  steam  consumption  of  steam  turbines,  etc.  In  a  word,  the  very  information 
which  a  designer  and  builder  of  steam  turbines  most  requires.  The  book  is  divided  into 
parts  as  follows:  1.  Introduction.  2.  General  remarks  on  the  design  of  a  turbine  installa- 
tion. 3.  The  calculation  of  steam  turbines.  4.  Turbine  design.  5.  Shafting  and  pro- 
pellers. 6.  Condensing  plant.  7.  Arrangement  of  turbines.  8.  General  remarks  on  the 
arrangement  of  steam  turbines  in  steamers.  9.  Turbine-driven  auxiliaries.  10.  Tables. 
Large  octavo.  214  pages.  Fully  illustrated  and  containing  18  tables.  Including  an  entropy 
chart.  Price,  net, $3.50 

WATCH  MAKING 

WATCHMAKER'S   HANDBOOK.     By  CLAUDIUS  SAUNIER. 

This  famous  work  has  now  reached  its  seventh  edition  and  there  is  no  work  issued  that  can 
compare  to  it  for  clearness  and  completeness.  It  contains  498  pages  and  is  intended  as  a 
workshop  companion  for  those  engaged  in  Watch-making  and  allied  Mechanical  Arts.  Nearlv 
250  engravings  and  fourteen  plates  are  included.  Price  ...  ....  $3.00 


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PAL  JAN.  21,  1908 


GENERAL  LIBRARY  *U.C,  BERKELEY 


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